Misattributed tsunami: Chile, Sumatra and the subduction model

Tsunami intensity is poorly correlated with earthquake magnitude. The distribution of aftershocks that immediately followed the 2010 Maule (Chile), the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman and the 2005 Nias (Indonesia) events supports the view that faulting within an accretionary wedge or an outer rise can sometimes disrupt the seafloor more effectively than a megathrust even if the associated seismicity is minor. Monitoring offshore faults would thus seem an effective way to supplement modes of tsunami early warning which hinge on instrumental earthquake detection or wave height and period.     

It starts at home? Climate policies targeting household consumption and behavioral decisions are key to low-carbon futures

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy.     

Inverse method applied to a sand wedge: Estimation of friction parameters and uncertainty analysis

We examine the fundamental mechanism of frontal accretion in a sand wedge from the occurrence of a forward thrust ramp evolving into a fault-bend fold to the jump of deformation to a new frontal ramp ahead. We use inverse problem theory to extract quantitative information on friction parameters from the systematic comparison of experimental observations and theoretical predictions. The observables are locations, dips and lifetime of thrust ramps, hinge and associated compression. The experimental values (observed data) are cast into statistical models describing the error bars. The theory of limit analysis provides calculated data, requiring five parameters : material density, friction coefficient of the décollement plane, friction coefficient of the bulk material, and the variation of friction with slip on the ramp as well as the distance for this variation. The misfit between observed data and calculated data is determined for all physically admissible values of the parameters. Values yielding a small misfit are interpreted as highly probable. The mean misfit per observable is within their error bars and therefore application of the theory reproduces the observables. Bulk and décollement friction coefficient values with high probability are compared to independent measurements. The inversion also reveals systematic discrepancies: the frictional weakening on the ramps is overestimated, while the force is underestimated, the calculated thrust sheet is longer than observed and the calculated jump to a second ramp occurs earlier than observed. These conclusions allow us to identify necessary improvements for the experimental set-up and of the theoretical assumptions.     

俯冲洋壳的折返及其相关问题讨论

大洋俯冲带中高压(HP)和超高压(UHP)岩石的折返机制一直以来都是俯冲工厂中最不为人知的问题之一.本文根据搜集全球折返到地表的洋壳榴辉岩基础数据(包括岩石学特征、峰期温压条件和折返P-T轨迹),初步探讨了洋壳榴辉岩的折返机制.根据峰期矿物组合、温压条件和对应的地温梯度,典型大洋俯冲带中的榴辉岩可以分为三类:含柯石英的UHP硬柱石榴辉岩(2.7～ 3.2GPa,470 ～ 610℃,5～7℃/km)、HP硬柱石榴辉岩(1.7～2.6GPa,360～ 620℃,5～8℃/km)和HP绿帘石榴辉岩(1.5 ～2.3 GPa,540 ～ 630℃,7～12℃/km).与大陆俯冲碰撞造山带中的HP-UHP榴辉岩相比,洋壳榴辉岩具有较低的峰期温压条件和较高的低密度含水矿物的含量,但是普遍缺失高密度的蓝晶石.已有的俯冲洋壳的折返模式都基于一个假设:洋壳榴辉岩密度比周围地幔大.因此,洋壳榴辉岩的折返必须借助于低密度的蛇纹岩或者变沉积岩.MORB体系的热力学模拟研究表明,俯冲洋壳的矿物组合、矿物含量和密度主要受低密度含水矿物(如硬柱石、绿泥石、蓝闪石和滑石等)的稳定性控制,并且在同等深度条件下,冷俯冲洋壳的密度低于热俯冲洋壳的密度.经历冷俯冲(～6℃/km)洋壳的密度在＜ 110～ 120km(P ＜3.3 ～ 3.6GPa)的深度仍小于周围地幔,但是经历热俯冲(～ 1O℃/km)洋壳的密度在＞60km(P＞1.8GPa)的深度就已经超过周围地幔.结合高温高压实验资料和地球物理观察数据,我们认为在＞120km的深度,俯冲基性洋壳本身密度大于周围地幔,不存在低密度的地幔楔蛇纹岩(蛇纹石已发生分解),并且大洋板块的俯冲角度突然增大可能阻碍了更深部的低密度变沉积岩的折返.以上这三个方面的原因可能导致现今折返到地表的洋壳榴辉岩和变沉积岩的形成深度普遍小于120km.折返过程中硬柱石脱水分解会导致洋壳密度增大,退变形成的蓝晶石榴辉岩的密度大于周围地幔,无法折返,这可能是全球洋壳榴辉岩中普遍缺失蓝晶石的主要原因.     

西南天山东德沟橄榄岩的岩相学、矿物学演化特征及其地质意义

中国西南天山东德橄榄岩出露于天山伊犁-中天山板块和塔里木板块碰撞造山带北缘,普遍经历了复杂多期的含水流体(熔体)交代作用.主要矿物为橄榄石、斜方辉石、尖晶石、角闪石、金云母和单斜辉石,研究发现,橄榄石和斜方辉石与地幔楔橄榄岩中橄榄石和斜方辉石成份相近,原生铬尖晶石具有SSZ环境橄榄岩的特征,次生绿色尖晶石形成于麻粒岩相-角闪相环境.岩相学、矿物转变结构分析和矿物组合及矿物成分变化表明,东德沟橄榄岩记录了复杂的演化历史,先后经历了地幔交代、麻粒岩相-角闪相退变质作用和蛇纹石化等阶段的演化.研究认为东德沟橄榄岩最初可能形成于915～961℃的地幔环境,而发生地幔交代时的温压条件约为770 ～ 900℃,10～18kbar.该橄榄岩全岩较低的TiO2含量和尖晶石中较低TiO2含量,以及矿物组合显示出因俯冲板块脱水而造成的快速冷却特征,表明东德沟橄榄岩极有可能是SSZ环境俯冲板片上地幔楔橄榄岩残片.     

Pseudo-dynamic evaluation of passive response on the back of a retaining wall supporting c-Φ backfill

The study presents a rational analytical approach to obtain the seismic passive response of an inclined retaining wall backfilled with horizontal c-Φ soil. Pseudo-dynamic analysis is carried out to obtain the seismic passive response. Here in this analysis, the critical wedge angle is a single one irrespective of weight, surcharge and cohesion and this fact satisfies the field situation in a more realistic manner. A planer failure surface is considered in the analysis. The effect of soil and wall friction angle, wall inclination, horizontal and vertical earthquake acceleration on the passive resistance and the variation of passive earth pressure along the height of the wall have been explored. A comparison to pseudo-static and other available methods have been made to highlight the non-linearity of seismic passive earth pressure distribution.     

POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF GROUND WATER LOWERING ON SOME PEAT SOILS IN SJÆLLAND

Petersen, Leif og Madsen, Henrik Breuning: Possible Effects of Ground Water Lowering on Some Peat Soils in Sjælland. Geografisk Tidsskrift 77:25–35 København, June 1, 1978.

In four peatlands in the central part of Zealand nine profiles have been investigated to estimate the effect of a lowering of the groundwater level.     

伴随2000年9月30日sawtooth事件地磁变化和电流楔特征研究

为了解极光电集流在sawtooth事件期间的响应情形,本文利用北半球高纬地磁台站的磁场数据,建立了以球元基本电流系反演法求得大尺度电离层水平等效电流系分布的方法,以此研究了2000年9月30日同步轨道LANL卫星观测到的sawtooth事件期间极光电集流的变化.本文将sawtooth注入事件后极区电离层夜侧西向电集流增长的特征,与中低纬地基磁场北向分量正弯扰的特征做比较分析.两者的观测结果都表明在本sawtooth注入事件期间有电流楔的形成,且电流楔约有11 h磁地方时(MLT)的宽度.此外,中低纬磁弯扰达到最大扰动值的时间一般比高纬电集流达到最大扰动值的时间长,说明影响中低纬磁弯扰变化的电流源较丰富.