Two–stage Cretaceous Exhumation of Hengshan Complex in Hunan Province,SE China: Constraints Arising from ~(40)Ar–~(39)Ar Geochronology and Cretaceous Tectonic Implications

The Hengshan complex is located in the central part of SE China, which underwent rapid tectonic uplift in the Cretaceous just like many other complexes on the continent. (40)~Ar–(39)~Ar geochronological data from the Hengshan complex suggest that two episodes of crustal cooling/extension took place in this part of the continent during the Cretaceous time. The first stage of exhumation was active during ca. 136–125 Ma, with a cooling rate of 10 °C/Ma. The second stage of exhumation happened at ca. 98–93 Ma, with a cooling rate of 10 °C/Ma. Considering the folding in the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and the regional unconformity underneath the Upper Cretaceous red beds, it is believed that the Cretaceous crustal extension in SE China was interrupted by a compressional event. The reversion to extension, shortly after this middle Cretaceous compression, led to the rapid cooling/exhumation of the Hengshan complex at ca. 98–93 Ma. The Cretaceous tectonic processes in the hinterland of SE China could be controlled by interactions between the continental margin and the Paleo–pacific plate.     

北秦岭构造属性与元古代构造演化

秦岭前寒武纪地质、地球化学和年代学证据表明,北秦岭具有明显高的初始εNd(t)值和Pb同位素比值特征,区别于明显低初始εNd(t)值和Pb同位素比值特征的华北陆块和扬子块体群.北秦岭与南秦岭具有明显不同的前寒武纪构造与演化特征.北秦岭是2 000 Ma左右形成于华北陆块南侧洋岛基础上的独立陆块,经历2 200～1 800 Ma和1 400～900 Ma分别以垂向加积增生和侧向加积增生为主要机制的地壳生长.北秦岭在早元古代洋盆演化基础上,首次于1 600 Ma左右拼接于华北陆块南缘,1 300～1 000 Ma发生扩张裂解,出现宽坪裂谷-洋盆构造环境,100 Ma左右再次拼贴于华北陆块南缘.同时,北秦岭南侧可能发生与南秦岭陆块群中的陡岭微陆块的拼接.     

大陆伸展构造综述

简述了大陆伸展构造的研究历史,并从基本概念、构造样式、变形机制和动力背景等方面对大陆伸展构造进行了综述.伸展是大陆构造一种主要类型,并以正断层为主形成多种构造样式,如地堑、裂谷、拆离断层和变质核杂岩等.大陆伸展的变形机制包括纯剪切、简单剪切及分层剪切模式,并由此产生对称与非对称构造.大陆伸展构造的地表表现形式主要为裂谷或变质核杂岩,两者的形成主要取决于岩石圈的流变学结构.大陆伸展的动力学背景主要包括地幔柱上涌、俯冲板片反转与俯冲带后撤、增厚地壳的重力垮塌以及走滑体系的派生拉张等.     

从变质作用观看板块构造何时在华北克拉通开始

了解板块构造在地球上何时和怎样开始的是地球科学领域还没有解决的重要问题之一。作为板块运动的最终结果,大陆碰撞造山带是识别地球历史演化中板块构造机制起主导作用的重要标志。大陆碰撞带变质作用一般以顺时针p-T轨迹演化为特征,尤其伴有峰期变质之后的等温减压过程。这样,具有峰后等温减压过程的顺时针p-T轨迹是识别地球早期的板块构造作用的重要标志之一。作为世界上最古老的克拉通陆块之一,华北克拉通基底岩石变质作用p-T演化在过去几年已得到广泛深入的研究,使得该克拉通可能成为应用大规模变质作用p-T轨迹途径来探讨构造环境和构造演化过程的最佳场所。构造上,华北克拉通可划分为三个小的陆块(东部陆块、阴山陆块和鄂尔多斯陆块)和三个古元古代活动带(华北中部碰撞带、孔兹岩带和胶—辽—吉带)。东部陆块和阴山陆块新太古代基底岩石变质作用具有等压冷却型逆时针p-T演化轨迹特征,反映变质作用热源与大量地幔岩浆底板垫托或侵位有关。尽管理论上这样大规模的地幔岩浆可形成在大陆岩浆弧、地幔柱或大陆裂谷环境,只有地幔柱模式才能合理地解释东部陆块和阴山陆块新太古代基底岩石时空分布、岩石组合和构造特征。这样,地幔柱可能是主导东部陆块和阴山陆块新太古代地壳形成和演化的主要构造机制,而板块构造在晚太古宙并不是其主要的构造机制。古元古代孔兹岩带和华北中部碰撞带基底岩石变质作用均具有等温减压型顺时针p-T演化特征,反映两造山带都经历地壳加厚和随后的隆升剥蚀构造过程。这样的构造过程是板块构造体制下的碰撞造山带的典型标志。古元古代胶—辽—吉带可进一步划分为南部带和北部带,其中南部带基底岩石具有逆时针p-T演化特征,而北部带基地岩石具有顺时针p-T演化特征,也反映板块构造机制下的产物。现代规模的板块构造在华北克拉通上的启动时间可以由三个活动带中最老的与板块俯冲有关的新生地壳形成时间来大致标定。目前,华北克拉通内部三个活动带中可识别出来的最老的与板块俯冲有关的新生地壳是华北中部碰撞带2·56Ga五台花岗岩,它们的形成可能大致标志着现代样式的板块构造在华北克拉通大规模作用的开始。     

Discovering Crustal Deformation Bands by Processing Regional Gravity Field

Objectives: This article presents a new computational procedure to discover scratches buried in the earth's crust. We also validate this new interdisciplinary analysis method with regional gravity data located in a well-known Dabie orogenic zone for test. Methods: Based on the scratch analysis method evolved with mathematical morphology of surfaces, we present a procedure that extracts information of the crustal scratches from regional gravity data. Because the crustal scratches are positively and highly correlated to crustal deformation bands, it can be used for delineation of the crustal deformation belts. The scratches can be quantitatively characterized by calculation of the ridge coefficient function, whose high value traces delineate the deformation bands hidden in the regional gravity field. In addition, because the degree of crustal deformation is an important indicator of tectonic unit divisions, so the crust can be further divided according to the degree of crustal deformation into some tectonic units by using the ridge coefficient data, providing an objective base map for earth scientists to build tectonic models with quantitative evidence. Results: After the ridge coefficients are calculated, we can further enhance the boundary of high ridge-coefficient blocks, resulting in the so-called ridge-edge coefficient function. The high-value ridge-edge coefficients are well correlated with the edge faults of tectonic units underlay, providing accurate positioning of the base map for compilation of regional tectonic maps. In order to validate this new interdisciplinary analysis method, we select the Dabie orogenic zone as a pilot area for test, where rock outcrops are well exposed on the surface and detailed geological and geophysical surveys have been carried out. Tests show that the deformation bands and the tectonic units, which are conformed by tectonic scientists based on surface observations, are clearly displayed on the ridge and ridge-edge coefficient images obtained in this article. Moreover, these computer-generated images provide more accurate locations and geometric details. Conclusions: This work demonstrates that application of modern mathematical tools can promote the quantitative degree in research of modern geosciences, helping to open a door to develop a new branch of mathematical tectonics.     

板块漂移与中国的大地构造演化及效应

地球南北半球大小的波动变化,导致了板块运动。板块构造分板块移动构造、板块碰撞构造和板内构造。石油生成于板块前缘增生带,赋存于板块碰撞隆起带两侧的盆地中。板块的移动、碰撞和板内层间滑导致了地震,中国境内可以划分两个地震带。     

论构造筛分

该文系统论述复合构造的筛分方法和构造筛分的定义、内涵、基本原理、原则、定律和方法步骤,并结合我国区域地质实际和前人研究成果提出若干例证。该文是"论构造复合"的续篇,对我国及东亚-西太平洋复合构造域的复合构造体系的筛分作了若干说明。最后对星球级规模的全球复合构造体系的构造筛分也提出了一些设想。      

Devonian rodingite from the northern margin of the North China Craton: mantle wedge metasomatism during ocean–continent convergence

The northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) was an active convergent margin during Palaeozoic and preserves important imprints of magmatic and metasomatic processes associated with oceanic plate subduction. Here, we investigate the mafic–ultramafic rocks in the Xiahabaqin–Sandaogou complexes from the northern NCC including pyroxenite, hornblendites, hornblende gabbro, and their rodingitized counterparts within a serpentinite domain. We present petrological, zircon U–Pb geochronological, and geochemical data to constrain the nature and timing of the magmatic and metasomatic processes in the subduction zone mantle wedge. The rock suites investigated in this study are characterized by low contents of SiO₂, Na₂O, and K₂O, with high CaO, FeO, Fe₂O₃, and MgO. The rodingitized rocks show markedly high CaO and lower MgO compared to their ultramafic protolith, suggesting extensive post-magmatic infiltration of Ca-rich, Si-poor fluids derived by serpentinization of mantle peridotite. The enrichment of large ion lithophile and light rare earth elements such as Ba, Sr, K, La, and Ce with relative depletion of high field strength elements like Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf in the ultramafic rocks collectively suggest metasomatism of a fore-arc mantle wedge by fluids released through dehydration of subducted oceanic slab and subduction-derived sediments. Dehydration and decarbonation leading to metasomatic fluid influx and serpentinization of mantle wedge peridotite account for the enriched geochemical signatures for the rodingitized rocks. The zircon grains in these rocks show textures indicating magmatic crystallization followed by fluid-controlled dissolution–precipitation. Magmatic zircons from altered pyroxenite, hornblendite, and rodingitized pyroxenite in Xiahabaqin yield protolith crystallization ages peaks at 396 Ma and 392 Ma and metasomatic grains show ages of 386 Ma, 378 Ma, and 348 Ma. The zircons from hornblendite and basaltic trachyandesite indicate protolith emplacement during 402–388 Ma. Metasomatic zircon grains from rodingitized hornblende gabbro in Sandaogou complex show a wide range of ages as 412 Ma, 398 Ma, 383 Ma, and 380 Ma. The common magmatic zircon ages peaks at 398–388 Ma in most of the rocks suggest a similar time for magma crystallization in the Xiahabaqin and Baiqi during Middle Devonian. Subsequently, repeated pulses fluids and melts resulted in metasomatic reactions in mantle wedge until early Permian. The Lu–Hf analysis of the zircon grains from these rocks display markedly negative εHf(t) values ranging from ?22.4 to ?7.7, suggesting magma derivation from an enriched, hydrated lithospheric mantle through fluid–rock interaction and mantle wedge metasomatism. Rodingitization processes are associated with exhumation of ultramafic mantle wedge rocks within a serpentinized subduction channel close to the subducted slab in response to slab roll back in a long-lasting subduction regime. This study offers insights into magmatic and metasomatic processes of ultramafic rocks in the fore-arc mantle wedge which were exhumed and accreted to an active continental margin during the southward subduction of the Palaeo-Asian oceanic lithosphere beneath the NCC.     

新疆北部晚古生代大规模岩浆成矿的地球动力学背景和战略找矿远景

新疆北部石炭-二叠纪存在大规模岩浆成矿作用,但对成矿地球动力学机制缺乏系统认识。在前人工作和我们近年来工作的基础上,文中扼要总结了我们新的初步认识,旨在为深化研究奠定思想基础。文中指出新疆北部泥盆-石炭纪岩浆活动和成矿作用是板块构造的直接产物。石炭纪的板块消减及有关的岩浆作用可能一直持续到三叠纪。地幔柱岩浆作用的起始时间不详,可能在晚石炭世,但集中表现在二叠纪。两种岩浆构造体系在时间上的叠加和空间上的并存造就了成矿作用的集中爆发以及成矿类型上的时空变化。与之有关的成矿作用和相应的成矿类型主要有：赋存于晚泥盆世-早石炭世海相火山岩中的磁铁矿床（有火山岩浆喷溢成因的可能,但更具有夕卡岩型铁矿的特征）、泥盆纪末到早三叠世与中酸性侵入岩有关的斑岩型（夕卡岩型）铜（钼）矿床以及早二叠世与镁铁超镁铁质侵入岩有关的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床。后者与南疆塔里木盆地已知溢流玄武岩在时代上（（280±5）Ma）的一致性意味着包括该溢流玄武岩的基性大火成岩省可能分布很广泛,波及北疆的相当地域。如这一推论能够证实,那么与之有成因联系的钒钛磁铁矿和铜镍硫化物矿化点/矿床的分布就不应只局限于已知造山带,应该分布更广。这里造山带的“成矿专属性”很有可能只是构造暴露而已。这一思路有助于我们研究新疆北部晚古生代岩浆成矿作用以及与岩浆作用有关的成矿作用,并对寻找同类矿床有战略指导意义。     

中南部非洲津巴布韦三级成矿区带划分

津巴布韦矿产资源丰富,赋存矿产30余种,是世界上黄金、铬、石棉、金刚石等矿种的重要生产国,是非洲第五大金资源国,其中具有优势的矿种包括金、铬铁矿、铂族元素、镍、煤、铁、铜、钴等。文章总结了津巴布韦区域成矿地质背景、矿产地质特征,结合相关成矿理论和成矿规律研究的新成果,对津巴布韦的成矿规律进行了初步研究,并进行成矿区带划分,共划分了10个Ⅲ级成矿区带。