柴北缘赛坝沟增生杂岩组成与变形特征

柴北缘构造带由高压-超高压变质岩、蛇绿岩、增生杂岩、火山-岩浆弧及前寒武纪中-高级变质岩共同构成。该构造带内的"滩间山群"岩石组合与构造属性复杂,其岩性包括中基性火山岩、碎屑沉积岩以及超基性岩和中酸性侵入岩,普遍遭受低绿片岩相变质作用和强烈构造变形。结合区域资料和地质填图结果,综合分析认为该构造带东段赛坝沟地区的"滩间山群"由火山-岩浆弧、增生杂岩、蛇绿岩三个不同构造单元岩石组成。其中增生杂岩主要是一套深海-半深海沉积组合,夹玄武岩、灰岩、硅质岩等块体,自南而北总体呈现出来自洋壳、海山和海沟环境的大洋板块地层的岩石组合特征,同时呈现与日本西南部增生杂岩极为相似的岩石组合类型。该套组合构造变形强烈,主要表现为2期构造变形。其中第一期构造变形(D1)主要表现为双冲构造和同斜紧闭褶皱,断层和褶皱轴面主体倾向为NE,形成于大洋俯冲阶段;第二期构造变形(D2)主要表现为不对称褶皱和S-C组构,可能是晚期柴达木与祁连地块发生陆-陆碰撞过程中形成的,形成时间为440～400Ma。空间上,该增生杂岩与出露于其北侧的蛇绿岩、火山-岩浆弧共同构成了相对完整的沟-弧系统,指示了寒武-奥陶纪时期,柴北缘地区曾发生古洋盆向北俯冲造山作用。     

Event-stratigraphy of a caldera-forming ignimbrite eruption on Tenerife: the 273 ka Poris Formation

The 273 ka Poris Formation in the Bandas del Sur Group records a complex, compositionally zoned explosive eruption at Las Cañadas caldera on Tenerife, Canary Islands. The eruption produced widespread pyroclastic density currents that devastated much of the SE of Tenerife, and deposited one of the most extensive ignimbrite sheets on the island. The sheet reaches ~ 40-m thick, and includes Plinian pumice fall layers, massive and diffuse-stratified pumiceous ignimbrite, widespread lithic breccias, and co-ignimbrite ashfall deposits. Several facies are fines-rich, and contain ash pellets and accretionary lapilli. Eight brief eruptive phases are represented within its lithostratigraphy. Phase 1 comprised a fluctuating Plinian eruption, in which column height increased and then stabilized with time and dispersed tephra over much of the southeastern part of the island. Phase 2 emplaced three geographically restricted ignimbrite flow-units and associated extensive thin co-ignimbrite ashfall layers, which contain abundant accretionary lapilli from moist co-ignimbrite ash plumes. A brief Plinian phase (Phase 3), again dispersing pumice lapilli over southeastern Tenerife, marked the onset of a large sustained pyroclastic density current (Phase 4), which then waxed (Phase 5), covering increasingly larger areas of the island, as vents widened and/or migrated along opening caldera faults. The climax of the Poris eruption (Phase 6) was marked by widespread emplacement of coarse lithic breccias, thought to record caldera subsidence. This is inferred to have disturbed the magma chamber, causing mingling and eruption of tephriphonolite magma, and it changed the proximal topography diverting the pyroclastic density current(s) down the Güimar valley (Phase 7). Phase 8 involved post-eruption erosion and sedimentary reworking, accompanied by minor down-slope sliding of ignimbrite. This was followed by slope stabilization and pedogenesis. The fines-rich lithofacies with abundant ash pellets and accretionary lapilli record agglomeration of ash in moist ash plumes. They resemble phreatomagmatic deposits, but a phreatomagmatic origin is difficult to establish because shards are of bubble-wall type, and the moisture may have arisen by condensation within ascending thermal co-ignimbrite ash plumes that contained atmospheric moisture enhanced by that derived from the evaporation of seawater where the hot pyroclastic currents crossed the coast. Ash pellets formed in co-ignimbrite ash-clouds and then fell through turbulent pyroclastic density currents where they accreted rims and evolved into accretionary lapilli.Editorial Responsibility: J. Stix     

Tectonic incorporation of the upper part of oceanic crust to overriding plate of a convergent margin: An example from the Cretaceous–early Tertiary Mugi Mélange, the Shimanto Belt, Japan

A tectonic mélange exposed on land is examined to reveal relationships between mélange formation, underplating, and deformation mechanisms, focusing on the deformation of basaltic rocks. The studied Mugi Mélange of the Shimanto Belt is composed of a shale matrix surrounding various blocks of sandstone, pelagic sediments, and basalts. The mélange was formed during Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary times in a subduction zone under P–T conditions of 150–200 °C and 6–7 km depth as estimated from vitrinite reflectance and quartz veins fluid inclusions. The mélange represents a range of deformation mechanisms; pressure solution with micro-scale cataclasis in the shale matrix, brittle tension cracking in the blocks, and ubiquitous strong cataclasis in the basal portion of basaltic layers. The cataclastic deformation in the basalts suggests a breakage of a topographic high in the seismogenic depth.     

Field report: Sailing around the exhumed roots of the Mesozoic Patagonian paleo-accretionary wedge(Diego de Almagro Island,Chile)

We undertook a boat expedition to explore the geological framework of a very remote, lesser-known island, in the Chilean Patagonia: the Diego de Almagro Island(latitude S51°330'). This uninhabited, ca.400 km~2 Island is one of the very rare exposures of the Mesozoic accretionary subduction complex along the Chilean margin. Unstable weather, strong winds, steep topography, and very dense vegetation make an on-land mission difficult. Careful preparation based on high-resolution satellite images is advised to optimize shore access and minimize risks of injury. Despite a relatively important degree of regional reequilibration of metamorphic assemblages due to sluggish exhumation through the forearc crust, our results have shown that the island is composed of a nappe stack of ocean-floor derived slivers of metasedimentary units that exhibit very different pressure-temperature-time paths during burial by subduction under the Chilean margin and subsequent exhumation. These rocks are witness to a complex thermal evolution of the subduction zone between Jurassic and Cretaceous times from granulite facies to blueschist facies conditions as well as multiple episodes of accretion at ca. 35 -40 km in depth for almost100 Ma over the Mesozoic era.     

北秦岭造山带早古生代多期变质与深熔作用：锆石U-Pb年代学证据

北秦岭造山带中的秦岭群以多期变质作用和强烈混合岩化为特征,出露有早古生代的榴辉岩和高压麻粒岩,以及区域性分布的中低压麻粒岩-角闪岩相变质岩石和混合岩。本文对西峡双龙地区混合岩化片麻岩(中色体)、石榴子石黑云母片岩(暗色体)和淡色花岗岩脉体进行了详细的锆石U-Pb定年和微量元素研究。结果表明片麻岩的原岩年龄为941±11Ma(2σ,MSWD=0.59),石榴子石黑云母片岩的原岩年龄为756±9.9Ma(2σ,MSWD=1.07)。石榴子石黑云母片岩中的变质锆石获得了484±9.6Ma(2σ,MSWD=0.88)的年龄,与片麻岩中锆石变质增生边获得的单点年龄498±11Ma在误差范围内一致。这些变质锆石多数具有平坦的HREE分配模式,弱Eu负异常,与高压变质岩中的变质锆石特征相似。该年龄与秦岭榴辉岩和高压麻粒岩的变质年龄相一致。石榴子石黑云母片岩中锆石的最外层增生边记录了424±9.1Ma的年龄,同时淡色脉体中的锆石也给出了422±4.0Ma(2σ,MSWD=0.77)的加权平均年龄,代表了深熔脉体的结晶年龄。这些锆石均为新生锆石,阴极发光弱,具有低的Th/U比值,平坦的HREE分配模式,强烈的Eu负异常,指示部分熔融过程中存在大量石榴子石和斜长石。深熔脉体的年龄与秦岭群中的中低压高温-超高麻粒岩相变质的年龄相符。结合已有的结果,我们认为秦岭群普遍记录了500~480Ma的高压、超高压变质作用,并叠加了440~400Ma的中压-高温变质和深熔作用。秦岭群可能是Rodinia超大陆裂解过程中从华南陆块或相似构造属性陆块分离并漂移到华北克拉通南缘的微陆块。在500~480Ma时发生碰撞造山作用导致北秦岭微陆块深俯冲并发生了高压-超高压变质作用,在志留纪由于商丹洋壳北向俯冲导致秦岭微陆块发生了以中压-高温变质、深熔和同时的岩浆作用为特征的增生造山作用。     

Misattributed tsunami 3: the Mw 7.7 2013.9.24 SE Pakistan earthquake

The M_w 7.7 earthquake that struck SE Pakistan on 24 September 2013 at 11.29.48 UTC was a sinistral strike-slip event on a branch of the Ornach-Nal-Chaman fault system which hereabouts separates the Eurasian Plate from the Indian Plate. Although the focus was at a depth of 15 km and 400 km inland the earthquake was accompanied by the emergence of an island off the Makran coast and the generation of a tsunami with a peak amplitude of 27 cm at Muscat (Oman) and 20 cm at Chah Bahar (Iran). At DART marine buoy 23228 in the Indian Ocean 500 km to the south a series of seismic Rayleigh waves about 4 min after the main shock was followed 54 min later by a tsunami with a peak amplitude of 1 cm. The Rayleigh series is here attributed to seafloor vibration during accelerated subduction of the Arabian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate, and the tsunami to the development or reactivation of one or more reverse faults on the seaward portion of the Makran imbricate fan. As in the 2010.2.27 M_w 8.8 Maule (Chile), the 2004.12.26 M_w 9.2 Sumatra–Andaman, the 2005.3.28 M_w 8.7 Nias (Indonesia) and the 2011.3.11 M_w 9.0 Tohoku (Japan) earthquakes, the link between tsunami generation and slip on the megathrust is thus very indirect, to the detriment of attempts to mitigate coastal hazards using teleseismic data when nearshore seafloor monitoring would probably prove more effective.     

新疆蛇绿岩时空分布特征及对增生造山过程的制约

聚焦新疆区内集中出露的61处蛇绿岩,据其物质组成、构造属性、形成时代、空间分布等特征,将其划分为14条蛇绿混杂岩带,其中多处发育洋岛海山、洋内弧等大洋岩石圈岩石组合,并以塔里木-敦煌地块为界,提出以北属古亚洲洋构造域、以南属特提斯洋构造域.结合俯冲增生造山过程中不同阶段的岩石学记录,确认古亚洲洋形成于新元古代末期至晚石...     

Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt in NE China

The eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) in NE China is a key area for investigating continental growth. However, the complexity of its Paleozoic geological history has meant that the tectonic development of this belt is not fully understood. NE China is composed of the Erguna and Jiamusi blocks in the northern and eastern parts and the Xing’an and Songliao-Xilinhot accretionary terranes in the central and southern parts. The Erguna and Jiamusi blocks have Precambrian basements with Siberia and Gondwana affinities, respectively. In contrast, the Xing ’an and Songliao-Xilinhot accretionary terranes were formed via subduction and collision processes. These blocks and terranes were separated by the Xinlin-Xiguitu, Heilongjiang, Nenjiang, and Solonker oceans from north to south, and these oceans closed during the Cambrian (ca. 500 Ma), Late Silurian (ca. 420 Ma), early Late Carboniferous (ca. 320 Ma), and Late Permian to Middle Triassic (260 –240 Ma), respectively, forming the Xinlin-Xiguitu, Mudanjiang-Yilan, Hegenshan-Heihe, Solonker-Linxi, and Changchun-Yanji suture zones. Two oceanic tectonic cycles took place in the eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO), namely, the Early Paleozoic cycle involving the Xinlin-Xiguitu and Heilongjiang oceans and the late Paleozoic cycle involving the Nenjiang-Solonker oceans. The Paleozoic tectonic pattern of the eastern CAOB generally shows structural features that trend east-west. The timing of accretion and collision events of the eastern CAOB during the Paleozoic youngs progressively from north to south. The branch ocean basins of the eastern PAO closed from west to east in a scissor-like manner. A bi-directional subduction regime dominated during the narrowing and closure process of the eastern PAO, which led to “soft collision” of tectonic units on each side, forming huge accretionary orogenic belts in central Asia.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

滇西龙陵-瑞丽低钠流纹岩年代学、岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

龙陵-瑞丽早白垩世流纹岩带断续延伸约100km,其形成的构造背景是揭示怒江洋演化及腾冲与保山地块关系的重要证据。笔者在野外调研的基础上,对本区流纹岩开展了岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素等方面的研究。结果表明流纹岩具有高硅贫钠、高钾钙碱性和高分异特征;锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分布在129~123Ma区间,代表流纹岩的喷发时代。流纹岩锆石ε_Hf（t）值分布于-12.3~-6.3之间,对应的地壳模式年龄为1591~1826Ma;其微量元素蛛网图、稀土元素配分模式图和Nb/Ta比值、Th/U比值等与大陆中上地壳相似;岩石中无斜长石斑晶、Sr含量极低以及在Al₂O₃/（MgO+FeO^T）]-[CaO/（MgO+FeO^T）]和Rb/Ba-Rb/Sr图解上,样品都分布在变泥质岩部分熔融区;表明流纹岩岩浆来源于古老地壳物质部分熔融的产物,其低钠是源区中斜长石含量低或斜长石未参与部分熔融造成的。流纹岩轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素（Th、U和K）富集,Nb、Ta、Ti、P和Sr强烈负异常;在构造环境判别图解上样品全部落在活动大陆边缘区;在空间上,这些流纹岩呈带状分布,构成俯冲增生杂岩带的一部分,并与同时代侵入岩紧密相邻,成因上类似于区域内同期S型花岗岩。这些特征表明研究区内流纹岩与高黎贡构造带内同时代花岗岩类相似,形成于俯冲的大陆边缘弧环境,即幔源岩浆底侵至下地壳,这一过程提供了足够的热源使壳源物质（可能为富云母、贫斜长石的变沉积岩类）发生部分熔融生成酸性岩浆,它们在经历了高度的结晶分异后喷出地表形成低钠流纹岩,并在弧前或弧间盆地内被浅海相碎屑沉积物覆盖。     

Formation of the Yakuno ophiolite; accretionary subduction under medium-pressure-type metamorphic conditions

The notion that the Yakuno ophiolite and overlying Maizuru Group represents an accretionary prism formed during the Permian evolution of Japan on the Yakuno eruptive sequence, association of hemipelagic mudstone with silicic tuff, exotic fossiliferous limestones derived from previously accreted sea-mounts, upward coarsening of sequences terrigenous sandstone and conglomerate, and mildly deformed Permian and Triassic forearc basin formations. The most important indicator, however, is the seaward imbrication and repetition observed in both the Maizuru Group and the ophiolite itself. D1 deformation structures include axial–planar foliations (pressure-solution cleavage for the Maizuru Group and granulite–amphibolite metamorphic layering in the ophiolite), flattening type strain, symmetric pressure shadows and fringes, and isoclinal folds showing axial–planar foliations and thrust faulting at their overturned limb. The exceptional asymmetry observed indicates seaward-directed shearing near the thrust, while D1 structures in the Maizuru zone are explained by off-scraping, above the basal decollement. The later Jurassic D2 kink fold structure includes a first-order asymmetric kink with a brittle thrust at its overturned limb, more-or-less coeval with M2 retrograde metamorphism. Medium-pressure M1 prograde metamorphism in the Yakuno ophiolite produced layering of granulite and amphibolite, and in the Maizuru Group, formation of illite along pressure-solution cleavage of mudstones. The metamorphic grade is controlled by the stratigraphic relationships and appears typical of that in ocean floor regions. However, there was only one episode of M1 prograde metamorphism which occurred contemporaneously with D1 off-scraping. Given that subduction zones are normally characterized by high P/T metamorphic regimes, the observed P/T history appears to reflect relatively unusual conditions. Such high thermal gradients may plausibly reflect the approach of a young, hot oceanic plate which continued subducting beneath the Japanese arc. Accordingly, the Yakuno ophiolite was probably formed at the trench–trench–ridge triple junction.