长春-延吉缝合带：性质与意义

长春-延吉缝合带(或长春-延吉增生杂岩带),是由佳木斯-兴凯地块与华北板块之间俯冲拼贴形成的增生杂岩带。该缝合带自西向东分为三个部分,具体包括西段吉林-红旗岭、中段桦甸-两江和东段华集岭-开山屯组成。长春-延吉增生杂岩带以延边地区发育的开山屯混杂岩为代表,自西向东包括石头口门-烟囱山高压红帘石片岩,以及原定为"呼兰群"、"色洛河群"、"青龙村群"等一系列沿着缝合带分布的构造杂岩等,它们均发育"基质包裹外来岩块(block-in-matrix)"的混杂岩结构,并在吉林东部石头口门、烟囱山和延边开山屯等地区发现高压矿物组合,因此,这些杂岩应代表了佳木斯-兴凯地块向华北板块俯冲-拼贴过程中形成的增生杂岩。长春-延吉增生杂岩原岩年龄大致为晚古生代-早中生代(最小峰期240～250Ma),并被时代为～220Ma的晚三叠世大酱缸组磨拉石层序不整合覆盖,这一直接证据与近期发表的年代学证据一致,共同证明了长春-延吉缝合带的就位时代为中三叠世(220～240Ma),而不是前人认为的晚古生代或更早。区域构造分析显示,长春-延吉增生杂岩带不是天山-北山-西拉木伦河-长春断裂带的东延部分,而是佳木斯-兴凯地块西南缘分布的吉林-黑龙江高压变质带的南部组成部分,形成于三叠纪-早侏罗世太平洋板块西向俯冲过程中,佳木斯-兴凯地块自东向西的"剪刀式"闭合过程。因此,长春-延吉增生杂岩带记录了古亚洲构造域的结束和太平洋俯冲开始的关键时期,为两大构造域叠加与转换的关键性地质证据。     

卡拉库姆盆地晚二叠世-三叠纪的构造属性讨论

卡拉库姆盆地位于中亚地区图兰地台南部,北西走向,是中亚地区最重要的含油气盆地之一。对于盆地晚二叠世-三叠纪的构造属性一直都存在着很多争论,我们根据钻井、地球物理及露头资料,认为卡拉库姆盆地是以增生杂岩为基底形成的一个沉积盆地,晚二叠世-三叠纪具有弧后裂谷的性质。卡拉库姆盆地前侏罗纪的构造演化分为4个阶段:1)石炭纪之前古特提斯洋壳开始俯冲增生; 2)石炭纪-早二叠世形成丝路弧; 3)晚二叠世-三叠纪马什哈德-北帕米尔弧形成,卡拉库姆盆地处于弧后拉张的位置; 4)晚三叠世末伊朗等地块与欧亚大陆碰撞,卡拉库姆盆地进入短暂的周缘前陆盆地阶段。其晚二叠世-三叠纪的沉积中心在北阿姆河坳陷,木尔加布坳陷和科佩特山前坳陷,沉积环境主要为陆相,三叠纪发生海侵,部分地区接受海相沉积。岩石类型主要为陆源碎屑岩、火山岩及少量灰岩。     

The Narooma Terrane offshore: a new model for the southeastern Lachlan Orogen using data from rocks dredged from the New South Wales continental slope

Eight dredges from the southern New South Wales continental slope sampled the offshore extension of the Lachlan Orogen. Two rock suites were recovered: (1) lower greenshist facies limestones, felsic volcanics, sandstones, mudstones and Moruya Suite granodiorite correlate with the onshore Silurian to mid-Devonian orogenic phase; and (2) a strongly deformed greenschist to lower amphibolite facies mafic volcanics, cherts, marbles, pelites and serpentinites correlate in part with the Cambro-Ordovician Wagonga Group of the Narooma Terrane. The mafic volcanic rocks have ocean island, tholeiitic and boninitic basalt affinities. The offshore distribution of ocean island basalt that correlates with medial Cambrian basalt breccias at Batemans Bay suggests a large seamount or seamount complex. The boninites, tholeiites and ultramafics could be part of a forearc-generated ophiolite. The Narooma Terrane basement is interpreted as the part of the bonititic arc postulated to have collided with Vandieland in late early Cambrian time. Mid-Cambrian rifting of the oceanward part of this arc remnant, generated the Albury–Bega Terrane oceanic basement exposed in the Howqua Valley in the west and Melville Point in the east. Overlying are upper–mid-Cambrian to lowermost Ordovician black shale and chert, Lower Ordovician to Gisbornian Adaminaby Group quartz turbidites and Gisbornian to lower Bolindian Bendoc Group black shales. Batemans Bay exposures are reinterpreted as a dismembered basin margin succession onlapping the west-facing attenuated flank of the Narooma Terrane. The Narooma Cambro-Ordovician cherts and mudstones were initially deposited outboard on the more elevated seamount flank elevated above the clastic-filled basin to the west. Benambran deformation commenced in latest Ordovician time uplifting the outer Narooma Terrane, shedding debris from the seamount and its flanks, culminating in allochthonous displacement of chert masses to the basin's eastern margin to Narooma, and emplacing them as a succession of thrust sheets. Contemporaneously, silt and mud of the Bogolo Formation, deposited from the west, were mixed with olistostomal basalt and chert debris from the east. Early Silurian westward tectonic transport of the Narooma Terrane ruptured the Albury-Bega basin floor at Batemans Bay, thrusting it and its sedimentary cover over its eastern margin as a series of thrusts each floored by melange (mapped Bogolo Formation), derived from the slope debris and its overpressured sedimentary cover. Offshore, the metamorphosed Benambran phase rocks are unconformably overlain by Tabberabberan cycle sediments and volcanics intruded by granodiorite. Our interpretation of the boundary between the Albury-Bega and Narooma terranes as a thrusted passive margin accumulation is incompatible with models of a Narooma Accretionary Complex formed by the subduction of the Paleopacific Plate.     

Field report: Sailing around the exhumed roots of the Mesozoic Patagonian paleo-accretionary wedge(Diego de Almagro Island,Chile)

We undertook a boat expedition to explore the geological framework of a very remote, lesser-known island, in the Chilean Patagonia: the Diego de Almagro Island(latitude S51°330'). This uninhabited, ca.400 km~2 Island is one of the very rare exposures of the Mesozoic accretionary subduction complex along the Chilean margin. Unstable weather, strong winds, steep topography, and very dense vegetation make an on-land mission difficult. Careful preparation based on high-resolution satellite images is advised to optimize shore access and minimize risks of injury. Despite a relatively important degree of regional reequilibration of metamorphic assemblages due to sluggish exhumation through the forearc crust, our results have shown that the island is composed of a nappe stack of ocean-floor derived slivers of metasedimentary units that exhibit very different pressure-temperature-time paths during burial by subduction under the Chilean margin and subsequent exhumation. These rocks are witness to a complex thermal evolution of the subduction zone between Jurassic and Cretaceous times from granulite facies to blueschist facies conditions as well as multiple episodes of accretion at ca. 35 -40 km in depth for almost100 Ma over the Mesozoic era.     

威尔士西南部坦比地区冲断构造特征

坦比地区的构造格架以华力西期冲断构造为特征．本文通过大量的野外观察与室内分析，对该区冲断构造的样式、平衡剖面及构造缩短量进行了研究，并应用“增生楔”模式对冲断构造成因进行了探讨。     

Thermal modelling in shallow subduction: an application to low P/T metamorphism of the Cretaceous Shimanto Accretionary Complex, Japan

This paper presents the results of numerical modelling to investigate the regional occurrence of prehnite‐bearing metamorphic rocks at shallow levels in subduction zones. The modelling assumes a simple geometrical configuration in which the thermal structure in a prism is controlled by boundary conditions at the top and base of the prism. It is expected that the predominant metamorphic facies in a prism will change with decreasing age of the descending slab. The results of thermal modelling show that the facies boundary between pumpellyite–actinolite and prehnite–actinolite facies (including prehnite–pumpellyite facies) overlaps with an array of P–T conditions in the prism when the age of a descending slab is younger than 10 Myr. This implies that the change of the predominant metamorphic facies from pumpellyite–actinolite to prehnite–actinolite facies will switch drastically. The critical age of the switch depends on subduction parameters. In particular, the critical age of the descending slab is <5 Myr in the case of no shear heating, with a subduction rate of v=75–200 mm y^?1 and subduction angle of θ=5–15°. For shear heating (constant shear stress=30 MPa) with a subduction rate of v=75 mm y^?1 and subduction angle of θ=10° the critical age is 7 Myr. To test this switching behaviour in the development of prehnite–actinolite facies in the prism, petrologic data from the Cretaceous Shimanto Accretionary Complex (CSAC) in Kyushu, Japan were compiled. The regional occurrence and mineral assemblages of prehnite‐bearing metamorphic rocks suggest that the most of CSAC was metamorphosed under prehnite–actinolite facies. This conclusion is consistent with subduction of a young, hot slab, as has been proposed based on other geological observations. This suggests that the regional extent of the prehnite–actinolite facies metamorphic rocks may be a unique evidence for the subduction of a young, hot slab.     

Models for the origin of accretionary lapilli

Binding between initially cohesionless ash particles to form concentric accretionary lapilli is provided primarily by the capillary forces of liquid bridges from condensed moisture and by electrostatic attraction. Capillary forces are strong bonds if the particles are in close contact, but they decrease rapidly with increasing particle spacing. Electrostatic attraction between charged ash particles is much weaker but effective over larger distances, increasing the frequency of collision between them.Experimental results of liquid film binding of volcanic ash showed that agglomeration was most successful between 15 and 25 wt.%, defining the agglomeration window for the formation of accretionary lapilli. Below 5–10 wt.% and above about 25–30 wt.% of water, concentric agglomeration was inhibited. Particles <350 m could be selected from a wider particle population in the experiments using only small amounts of water, which can explain the growth of accretionary lapilli in pyroclastic surges around agglomeration nuclei. Experiments testing the behavior of volcanic ash in electric fields showed that ash clusters formed instantaneously when the ash entered the field between a corona discharge gun and a grounded metal plate. The maximum grain size incorporated into the artificial clusters was about 180 m but >90 wt.% of ash was <45 m.Accretionary lapilli form in turbulent ash clouds when particles carrying liquid films of condensed moisture collide with each other and when the binding forces exceed the grain dispersive forces. Larger particles >500 m act as agglomeration nuclei in surges, accreting ash <350 m around them. In pyroclastic flows the aggregates are thought to originate from already size-sorted ash at the interface between the lower avalanche part of the flow and its overriding elutriation cloud. The fine-grained rims around accretionary lapilli found close to source are interpreted to be accreted dominantly by electrostatic attraction of very fine ash similar to clustering in elutriation clouds.     

Metallogeny of accretionary orogens — The connection between lithospheric processes and metal endowment

Accretionary orogens throughout space and time represent extremely fertile settings for the formation and preservation of a wide variety of mineral deposit types. These range from those within active magmatic arcs, either in continental margin or intra-oceanic settings, to those that develop in a variety of arc-flanking environments, such as fore-arcs and back-arcs during deformation and exhumation of the continental margin. Deposit types also include those that form in more distal, far back-arc and foreland basin settings. The metallogenic signature and endowment of individual accretionary orogens are, at a fundamental level, controlled by the nature, composition and age of the sub-continental lithosphere, and a complex interplay between formational processes and preservational forces in an evolving Earth. Some deposit types, such as orogenic gold and volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, have temporal patterns that mimic the major accretionary and crustal growth events in Earth history, whereas others, such as porphyry Cu–Au–Mo and epithermal Au–Ag deposits, have largely preservational patterns. The presence at c. 3.4 Ga of (rare) orogenic gold deposits, whose formation necessitates some form of subduction–accretion, provides strong evidence that accretionary processes operated then at the margins of continental nuclei, while the widespread distribution of orogenic gold and VMS deposits at c. 2.7–2.6 Ga reflects the global distribution of accretionary orogens by this time.     

柴北缘赛坝沟增生杂岩组成与变形特征

柴北缘构造带由高压-超高压变质岩、蛇绿岩、增生杂岩、火山-岩浆弧及前寒武纪中-高级变质岩共同构成。该构造带内的"滩间山群"岩石组合与构造属性复杂,其岩性包括中基性火山岩、碎屑沉积岩以及超基性岩和中酸性侵入岩,普遍遭受低绿片岩相变质作用和强烈构造变形。结合区域资料和地质填图结果,综合分析认为该构造带东段赛坝沟地区的"滩间山群"由火山-岩浆弧、增生杂岩、蛇绿岩三个不同构造单元岩石组成。其中增生杂岩主要是一套深海-半深海沉积组合,夹玄武岩、灰岩、硅质岩等块体,自南而北总体呈现出来自洋壳、海山和海沟环境的大洋板块地层的岩石组合特征,同时呈现与日本西南部增生杂岩极为相似的岩石组合类型。该套组合构造变形强烈,主要表现为2期构造变形。其中第一期构造变形(D1)主要表现为双冲构造和同斜紧闭褶皱,断层和褶皱轴面主体倾向为NE,形成于大洋俯冲阶段;第二期构造变形(D2)主要表现为不对称褶皱和S-C组构,可能是晚期柴达木与祁连地块发生陆-陆碰撞过程中形成的,形成时间为440～400Ma。空间上,该增生杂岩与出露于其北侧的蛇绿岩、火山-岩浆弧共同构成了相对完整的沟-弧系统,指示了寒武-奥陶纪时期,柴北缘地区曾发生古洋盆向北俯冲造山作用。