The Zealandia Volcanic Complex: Further evidence of a lower crustal “hot zone” beneath the Mariana Intra‐oceanic Arc,Western Pacific

This paper addresses formation of felsic magmas in an intra‐oceanic magmatic arc. New bathymetric, petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic data for Zealandia Bank and two related volcanoes in the south‐central Mariana arc is presented and interpreted. These three volcanoes are remnants of an older andesitic volcano that evolved for some time and became dormant long enough for a carbonate platform to grow on its summit before reawakening as a rhyodacitic volcano. Zealandia lavas are transitional between low‐ and medium‐K and tholeiitic and calc‐alkaline suites. They define a bimodal suite with a gap of 56–58 wt% SiO₂; this suggests that mafic and felsic magmas have different origins. The magmatic system is powered by mantle‐derived basalts having low Zr/Y and flat rare earth element patterns. Two‐pyroxene thermometry yields equilibration temperatures of 1000–1100 °C for andesites and 900–1000 °C for dacites. Porphyritic basalts and andesites show textures expected for fractionating magmas but mostly fine‐grained felsic lavas do not. All lavas show trace element signatures expected for mantle and crustal sources that were strongly melt‐depleted and enriched by subduction‐related fluids and sediment melts. Sr and Nd isotopic compositions fall in the normal range of Mariana arc lavas. Felsic lavas show petrographic evidence of mixing with mafic magma. Zealandia Bank felsic magmatism supports the idea that a large mid‐ to lower‐crustal felsic magma body exists beneath the south‐central Mariana arc, indicating that MASH (mixing, assimilation, storage, and homogenization) zones can form beneath intra‐oceanic as well as continental arcs.     

冈底斯岩浆弧东段米林地区晚渐新世花岗岩成因

青藏高原南部的冈底斯岩浆弧广泛发育新生代的花岗岩,然而这些花岗岩的成因仍存在争议。本文对冈底斯东段米林地区的晚渐新世二云母花岗岩进行了年代学和地球化学研究。全岩化学分析结果显示,这些花岗岩为中钾—高钾钙碱性系列,偏铝质,富集轻稀土元素和Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土元素和Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,高Sr、低Y,具有较高的Sr/Y比值 （37~85）,显示出埃达克质岩石的地球化学特征。锆石U- Pb定年结果显示,所研究的二云母花岗岩结晶年龄为~26. 6 Ma。这些花岗岩中的锆石具有较低的正εHf(t)值 （+0. 4~+7. 3）。综合现有的研究结果,我们认为冈底斯弧东段的晚渐新世花岗岩起源于加厚下地壳始新世弧岩浆岩的部分熔融,但具有古老地壳物质的贡献。印度与亚洲大陆的持续汇聚导致冈底斯弧地壳加厚,加厚下地壳发生高级变质和部分熔融形成了晚渐新世的埃达克质花岗岩。     

Sangay volcano, Ecuador: structural development, present activity and petrology

Sangay (5230 m), the southernmost active volcano of the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ), sits 130 km above a >32-Ma-old slab, close to a major tear that separates two distinct subducting oceanic crusts. Southwards, Quaternary volcanism is absent along a 1600-km-long segment of the Andes. Three successive edifices of decreasing volume have formed the Sangay volcanic complex during the last 500 ka. Two former cones (Sangay I and II) have been largely destroyed by sector collapses that resulted in large debris avalanches that flowed out upon the Amazon plain. Sangay III, being constructed within the last avalanche amphitheater, has been active at least since 14 ka BP. Only the largest eruptions with unusually high Plinian columns are likely to represent a major hazard for the inhabited areas located 30 to 100 km west of the volcano. However, given the volcano's relief and unbuttressed eastern side, a future collapse must be considered, that would seriously affect an area of present-day colonization in the Amazon plain, 30 km east of the summit. Andesites greatly predominate at Sangay, there being few dacites and basalts. In order to explain the unusual characteristics of the Sangay suite—highest content of incompatible elements (except Y and HREE) of any NVZ suite, low Y and HREE values in the andesites and dacites, and high Nb/La of the only basalt found—a preliminary five-step model is proposed: (1) an enriched mantle (in comparison with an MORB source), or maybe a variably enriched mantle, at the site of the Sangay, prior to Quaternary volcanism; (2) metasomatism of this mantle by important volumes of slab-derived fluids enriched in soluble incompatible elements, due to the subduction of major oceanic fracture zones; (3) partial melting of this metasomatized mantle and generation of primitive basaltic melts with Nb/La values typical of the NVZ, which are parental to the entire Sangay suite but apparently never reach the surface and subordinate production of high Nb/La basaltic melts, maybe by lower degrees of melting at the periphery of the main site of magma formation, that only infrequently reach the surface; (4) AFC processes at the base of a 50-km-thick crust, where parental melts pond and fractionate while assimilating remelts of similar basaltic material previously underplated, producing andesites with low Y and HREE contents, due to garnet stability at this depth; (5) low-pressure fractionation and mixing processes higher in the crust. Both an enriched mantle under Sangay prior to volcanism and an important slab-derived input of fluids enriched in soluble incompatible elements, two parameters certainly related to the unique setting of the volcano at the southern termination of the NVZ, apparently account for the exceptionally high contents of incompatible elements of the Sangay suite. In addition, the low Cr/Ni values of the entire suite—another unique characteristic of the NVZ—also requires unusual fractionation processes involving Cr-spinel and/or clinopyroxene, either in the upper mantle or at the base of the crust.     

滇桂交界处古特提斯的洋岛和岛弧火山岩

基于详细的野外调查和系统的岩石化学工作 ,探讨了滇桂交界处二叠纪—中三叠世火山岩的大地构造背景。洋岛玄武岩以弄槐枕状熔岩为代表性火山岩 ,原为古特提斯洋盆中的夏威夷型洋岛 ,现保存在印支期前陆褶皱冲断带的一个外来岩席中。采自鱼塘—那塘、羊加山和甫听河的安山岩—玄武岩指示洋盆从二叠纪至中三叠世一直处于消减中 ,反映了与滇西南古特提斯演化不同的地球动力学背景。以上认识为中、越交界地区构造上属古特提斯造山带提供了新证据 ,为重塑该地的古特提斯演化提供了重要资料。     

ZEDONG TERRANE, A MID CRETACEOUS INTRA-OCEANIC ARC, SOUTH TIBET

ZEDONG TERRANE, A MID CRETACEOUS INTRA-OCEANIC ARC, SOUTH TIBET     

海洋纤维增强柔性管压溃失效特性研究及参数敏感性分析

以一种黏结型的纤维增强柔性管作为研究对象,基于ABAQUS建立纤维增强柔性管的实体单元模型。根据二维 Hashin失效判据判断柔性管失效情况,充分考虑管道内外护套层塑性及纤维增强层复合材料渐进失效,建立纤维增强柔性管的压溃数值模型。将特征值法与弧长法相结合,计算得到了较为精准的纤维增强柔性管临界压溃压力及对应的外压—椭圆度曲线;并对影响柔性管临界压溃压力的几个敏感性参数如椭圆度、纤维缠绕角度、直线度进行分析。研究结果表明椭圆度和直线度偏差的增大及纤维缠绕角度的降低均会使柔性管的临界压溃压力下降,该结果对纤维增强柔性管的设计与使用均具有一定的参考意义。     

ON TECTONIC PROBLEMS OF THE OKINAWA TROUGH

The Okinawa Trough is a very active tectonic zone at the margin of the Northwest Pacific and is typical of back-arc rifting at the young stage of tectonic evolution. Many scientists from Japan,China, Germany, France, the U. S.A. and Russia have done a lot of geologic and geophysical investigations there. It is well known that the Okinawa Trough is an active back-arc rift with extremely high heat flow, very strong hydrothermal circulation, strong volcanic and magmatic activity, frequent earthquakes,rapid subsidence and rifting, well-developed fault and central graben. But up to now, there are still some important tectonic problems about the Okinawa Trough that require clarification on some aspects such as the type of its crust, its forming time, its tectonic evolution, the distribution of its central grabens, the relationship between its high heat flow and tectonic activity. Based on the data obtained from seismic sur-vey, geomagnetic and gravity measurements, submarine sampling and heat flow measurements in the last 15 years, the author discusses the following tectonic problems about the Okinawa Trough: (1) If the Okinawa Trough develops oceanic crust or not. (2) Is the South Okinawa Trough tectonically more active than the North Okinawa Trough with shallower water and few investigation data on it. (3) The formation time of the Okinawa Trough and its tectonic evolution. The Okinawa Trough has a very thin continental crust. Up to now, there is no evidence of oceanic crust in the Okinawa Trough. The North, Middle and South Okinawa Trough are all very strongly active areas. From 6 Ma B.P. , the Okinawa Trough began to form. Since 2 Ma, the Okinawa Trough has been very active.     

扬子板块西缘泸定桥头基性杂岩体的地球化学特征和成因

扬子板块西缘的四川泸定桥头基性杂岩体主要由辉长岩组成。辉长岩中锆石的结晶年龄为 85 3± 4 2Ma ,表明它形成于新元古代早期。该岩体的主量元素显示钙碱性分异趋势 ;微量元素呈现典型的岛弧环境地球化学特征 ,即相对富集大离子不相容元素 (Sr ,Rb ,Ba) ,亏损高场强元素 (Nb ,Ta ,P ,Ti)和LREE轻微富集 ((La/Yb) N=2 .0 7～ 6 .77) ,配分型式略呈右倾型 ;εNd,ISr和δ18O值分别为 2 .5～ 3.1,0 .70 2 6 2～ 0 .70 5 12和 1.94‰～ 6 .32‰ ;在微量元素构造环境判别图上 ,它们都投影于岛弧拉斑玄武岩区域内。上述特征表明 ,泸定桥头杂岩体可能是在一个相对原始的岛弧环境中形成的 ,岩浆源区已受到俯冲组分影响而产生不同程度富集。     

九岭山南缘断裂带运动学研究

江南晚元古代碰撞造山带中段九岭山南缘断裂带的运动学研究揭示出三个不同时期的强烈构造变形作用。第一期从北向南仰冲推覆作用,对应一个晚元古代洋盆关闭,板块碰撞造山过程;第二期从SW向NE的左旋走滑动性剪切作用,对应一个早古生代华南地体的斜向拼贴增生活动;第三期从北向南的逆冲-推覆作用,对应一个印支构造期的侧向挤压机制。现代地表上的九岭古岛弧南缘断裂带,是一个以走滑剪切力学作用占优势的片麻状糜棱岩带。宏观韧剪组构和显微构造标志为这个断裂带提供了重要的运动学证据。     

Permian back‐arc extension in central Inner Mongolia,NE China: Elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf–O isotopic constraints from the Linxi high‐MgO diabase dikes

Early Permian (272 ± 2 Ma) diabase dikes from the Linxi area in central Inner Mongolia of NE China have high MgO (10.4 – 12.3 wt%), Cr (301 – 448 ppm) and Ni (167 – 233 ppm) concentrations, and show enrichments in large ion lithophile element (LILE) and light rare earth elements (REE) but depletions in high field strength element (HFSE, e.g., Nb and Ta), with depleted mantle‐type Sr [⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (i) = 0.70315 – 0.70362], Nd [ε_Nd (t) = +6.8 – +7.4], Pb [²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (i) = 18.10 – 18.16] and zircon Hf [ε_Hf (t) = +14.7 – +19.1] isotopic compositions, but slightly higher zircon δ¹⁸O (5.2 – 6.0 ‰ with an average of 5.7 ‰) than normal mantle. The combined geochemical data indicate their derivation from a depleted mantle metasomatized by recycled crustal component. Elemental and isotopic modeling results suggest that the primary magma was produced through 5 % to 10 % melting of a depleted mantle, which contained approximately 1 % sediment fluid released from the subducted paleo‐Asian Ocean. Considering the widespread distribution of contemporaneous mafic rocks across the central Inner Mongolia, which show REE patterns from E‐MORBs to normal MORBs, we propose a petrogenetic link between the Early Permian mafic magmatism and a back‐arc extension in response to northward subduction of the paleo‐Asian Ocean. The Permian mafic magmatism and the new age constraints from the metamorphic and sedimentary records in this area tend to indicate the ultimate closure of the paleo‐Asian Ocean by the end of Paleozoic.