Sulfur and chlorine degassing from primitive arc magmas: temporal changes during the 1982–1983 eruptions of Galunggung (West Java, Indonesia)

The 1982–1983 eruptions of Galunggung represent a nine-month period of intermittent volcanic activity with significant changes in explosivity and emission of volatiles. Eruptions started with Vulcanian explosions but changed gradually to Strombolian activity. Compositions of juvenile material changed from basaltic andesite to high-Mg basalt, which are among the most primitive rock types known in the Indonesian arc system. Although bulk compositions suggest a single evolution trend, we infer from the compositions of melt inclusions in olivine phenocrysts that the magmas represent derivatives of a complex spectrum of primary melts. Primitive inclusions in olivine phenocrysts from magma erupted during the Strombolian phase contain up to 2000 ppm sulfur, but concentrations decrease rapidly with increasing SiO₂ down to matrix glass values (50–100 ppm). ‘Vulcanian’ inclusions appear to be degassed before eruption (200 ppm S). Chlorine concentrations increase from 750 to 2200 ppm in Strombolian, and from 800 to 1500 in Vulcanian magmas, whereas matrix glass contains about 1000 ppm in both cases. Ash leachates show two cycles of decreasing S/Cl ratios: from 9.7 to 5.6 at the start of the activity, and from 12.2 to 2.0 after four months. As the second cycle follows upon increased seismic activity at shallow depth, it probably reflects degassing of fresh sulfur-rich magma arriving in the shallow Galunggung reservoir. In contrast to the degassed state of Vulcanian magma, the significant amounts of adsorbed sulfur on the ashes point to an excess source of sulfur, which was most likely derived from intruding Strombolian magma. Hence, the observed sulfur flux of 2 Mt is not in accordance with a petrologic estimate of 0.09 Mt. Using a published value of 550 Mt of erupted material about 0.34 km³ fresh undegassed magma is needed to account for the observed sulfur flux. This is close to the erupted volume of Vulcanian magma (0.26 km³), which presumably was replaced completely by Strombolian magma during the eruption. Using the petrologic method, we calculate a total release of 0.3 Mt chlorine, which agrees well with an output of 0.47 Mt estimated independently from S/Cl ratios of the ash leachates and TOMS sulfur yields. Ash leachates show that about 35% of the sulfur and 30% of the chlorine was scavenged from the eruption plumes. Our results suggest that sulfur and chlorine were largely decoupled during degassing, which resulted in considerable variations in S/Cl ratios during the Galunggung eruptions. We infer that sulfur degassing reflects the arrival of fresh magma at shallow depth, whereas chlorine is largely derived from simultaneously erupted material. As a consequence, the petrologic estimates are more consistent with observed emissions for chlorine than for sulfur.     

10 Be在大洋边缘海洋学中的应用及模型

主要讨论宇宙射线成因核素¹⁰Be（T _1/2＝ 1．5Ma）在大洋边缘海洋学尤其是中国近海海洋研究中的应用。在过去的近20年中，在中国开展的¹⁰Be研究在黄土堆积年龄及地层对比方面获得了诸多成果，但在海洋方面的应用研究距国际水平仍有一定的差距，尚需进一步加强。综述了海洋环境中¹⁰Be作为一个地球化学示踪剂的研究现状，着重介绍¹⁰Be在中国东部海域的收支平衡模式以及讨论¹⁰Be在太平洋西部边缘海及岛弧地区的应用前景。     

中祁连东段乐都地区中酸性侵入岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

青海省中祁连东段乐都沈家峡-碱沟一带发育有中酸性侵入体.野外地质调查和和岩相学等研究表明，侵入体呈岩株状，主要由二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩组成，两者间呈脉动接触.对2件二长花岗岩样品进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年，获得的加权平均年龄分别为465.7±2.2 Ma（_n=24，MSWD=0.031）、459±2 Ma（_n=21，MSWD=0.76），表明侵入体时代为中奥陶世.岩石地球化学特征表明，该期侵入体属准铝质-过铝质中高钾钙碱性系列岩石，岩石（La/Yb）_N为10.57~23.126，δEu为0.47~0.69，稀土配分曲线具"V"型右倾特征；大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、K、La、Ce、Sm、Nd强富集，Zr、Hf弱富集，高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti强亏损；岩石具有岛弧型岩浆岩特征，其形成可能与北祁连洋向南俯冲有关.     

Geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic constraints on the genesis of the Soheyle-PaKuh granitoid rocks (central Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt,Iran)

ABSTRACT

Soheyle-Pakuh granitoid rocks, with a variety of quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite, granodiorite, tonalite, and granite, have been emplaced into the Tertiary volcanic rocks in the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc in central Iran. Zircon U–Pb dating yields an age of 39.63 ± 0.93 Ma for the crystallization of this body. Whole-rock compositions show that SiO₂ changes from 52.31 to 65.78 wt.% and Al₂O₃ varies from 15.54 to 18.24 wt.%, as well as high concentrations of large-ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g. Cs, Rb, Ba, and K) and quite low contents of high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g. Nb, Ti, P), as expected in I-type arc granitoids formed in an active continental margin setting. Initial ratios of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd exhibit ranges 0.7043–0.7047 and 0.51284 to 0.51287, respectively, with positive εNd_(t) from +4.9 to +5.5 with a young TDM1 age (483–674 Ma); this tracer isotopic data suggesting that the SPG originated from juvenile basaltic crust derived from depleted mantle (~90%) with variable contributions from undepleted mantle and approximately 10% old lower crust, despite diverse processes (e.g. magma mixing and fractional crystallization) during their evolution and emplacement into a local extensional setting within the continental margin arc. The isotopic data are similar to those of other Phanerozoic granitoids of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and corroborate melting of predominantly mantle-derived juvenile crustal protoliths and indicating extensive addition of new continental crust, during Cambrian-Neoproterozoic time, in the suprasubduction zone beneath the central Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. Generation of these types of granitoids favours a model whereby rollback and (or) break-off of a subducted slab with subsequent lithospheric extension triggered by mantle upwelling, heat advection, and underplating resulting in melting of the central UDMA mantle-derived juvenile lower continental crust in the Late Eocene.     

佛子岭群逆时针P-T轨迹对大别碰撞造山带构造演化的探究

佛子岭群位于大别造山带最北缘，处于华北和扬子两大板块结合部位，构造位置十分关键，是解析两大板块精细耦合过程和探究大别造山带晚古生代构造事件的重要单元。然而，由于长期以来佛子岭群一直被视为"浅变质"复理石沉积单元，因而对其变质演化过程的解析较为薄弱，制约了对大别造山带形成过程的全面理解。本次通过对老虎场-龚店地质剖面细致的观测，石榴黑云母片麻岩精细的岩相学、矿物化学分析、热力学评价和年代学研究，建立了佛子岭群一个逆时针P-T变质演化型式。研究显示，佛子岭群记录了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ四个变质阶段，温压变化依次为：①T=658~663℃、P=1.08~1.16GPa→②T=755~762℃、P=1.21~1.45GPa→③T=549~554℃、P=1.08~1.19GPa→④P_标定=0.3~0.6GPa、T=477~499℃，①至③为近等压升温和降温过程，③至④则表现为近等温降压型式。锆石U-Pb定年显示了1484±64Ma~1180±192Ma、995±35Ma~606±14Ma和370±14Ma~331±8Ma三组年龄，前两组代表了碎屑锆石年龄；第三组共计7颗锆石，年龄集中，Th/U比值0.01~0.03，加权平均年龄为344±11Ma，代表了主期变质年龄。结合此次地质剖面结构特征和岩石类型，以及前人白云母⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar的270~255Ma变质年龄，表明佛子岭群记录了两期变质事件，早期为晚古生代的拉张背景下的岛弧根部变质，晚期为晚古生代末的较为快速抬升构造热事件，并据此推测大别造山带可能为增生和碰撞复合型造山带。     

中亚造山带东段古生代山弯构造

中亚造山带东段位于西伯利亚和华北克拉通之间，经历了多构造体系叠加和多旋回洋陆转换的复杂演化过程，目前大量研究均以构造带为核心来限定区域构造格局，但一直争议较大。本文以构造单元的构造属性及其形成过程为主线，结合区域构造带演化，重新厘定了中国东北地区基本构造格局，建立了中国东北山弯构造演化模型。研究表明，古生代时期中国东北地区的主要构造单元由两个具前寒武纪基底的古老地块——额尔古纳地块和佳木斯地块及其张广才岭陆缘弧与两个古生代增生地体——兴安增生地体和松辽增生地体组成，其间由古亚洲洋分支新林- 喜桂图洋、贺根山- 嫩江洋、龙凤山洋和索伦洋分割。早古生代，西部额尔古纳地块东南部为西太平洋型活动陆缘，发育有嘎仙- 吉峰- 环宇洋内弧和头道桥等洋岛，~500 Ma随着新林- 喜桂图洋的关闭，这些洋内弧和洋岛拼贴增生至额尔古纳地块东南缘。随后贺根山- 嫩江洋的俯冲和后撤形成了一系列沟- 弧- 盆体系，持续的俯冲导致弧陆碰撞和陆缘增生，形成兴安增生地体的主体。同时，东部佳木斯地块西侧发育有龙凤山洋的安第斯型俯冲活动陆缘，形成了张广才岭陆缘弧。伴随着各大洋的俯冲和陆缘增生，额尔古纳地块和佳木斯地块以及它们的陆缘增生带构成了一个早古生代近东西向展布的地块链。南部以锡林浩特- 龙江微地块为核心发生陆缘俯冲，形成松辽增生地体雏形。索伦洋发生双向俯冲，并通过弧陆碰撞产生陆缘增生。晚古生代，伴随着古亚洲洋的北向俯冲和后撤，早期形成的地块链逐渐发生向南弯曲。二叠纪末期—中三叠世古亚洲洋俯冲消减闭合以及西北部蒙古- 鄂霍茨克洋和东部泛大洋的俯冲挤压，导致地块链进一步弯曲，同时，早期的古老地块、增生地体、弧岩浆岩、沉积建造等发生汇聚，最终形成一个以额尔古纳地块和兴安增生地体为西翼，佳木斯地块和张广才岭陆缘弧为东翼，松辽增生地体为核心的大规模山弯构造——中国东北山弯构造。     

某高坝工程坝肩侧裂结构面基本特征及量化模型研究

某高拱坝工程, 坝肩抗滑稳定的侧裂边界主要受与河流呈小角度斜交的随机结构面 (基体结构面 )控制。查明这类结构面的工程地质性状, 提出其量化评价指标, 对该高拱坝工程坝肩稳定性评价和相应设计参数的取值具有重要的工程实际意义。本文基于大量的现场调查工作, 获取了侧裂结构面数万个现场实测数据。基于这些数据, 作者对侧裂结构面的发育状况和工程地质特征作了全面的分析和定量评价。在此基础上, 提出了坝肩抗力体部位侧裂结构面的工程分区。该分区采用结构面的发育密度作为指标, 能简明直观地描述抗力体部位结构面的发育状况和宏观连通特性。最后, 作者根据本文的研究成果, 从抗滑稳定的边界条件特性出发, 对该高拱坝工程坝肩抗滑稳定性条件作出了评价。     

试论与埃达克岩有关的热液矿床成因类型和成矿系列——以中国北方若干矿床为例

中国北方埃达克岩比较发育,有形成于早古生代岛弧环境、中生代中晚期陆弧环境及晚古生代中期和中生代中期大陆板块内环境3种埃达克岩.与形成于岛弧环境埃达克岩相关的热液矿床的成因类型为斑岩型,成矿系列为Cu-Au;与形成于陆弧环境埃达克岩相关的热液矿床的成因类型为斑岩型和浅成低温热液型,成矿系列为Au-Cu-Mo;与形成于板内环境埃达克岩相关的热液矿床的成因类型为斑岩型、夕卡岩和浅成低温热液型,成矿系列为Au-Cu-Pb-Zn.     

甘肃白银厂矿田早-中寒武世火山岩形成的构造环境

白银厂矿田早 -中寒武世火山岩主要由钙碱性玄武岩和流纹岩及少量的安山岩组成 ,被认为是大陆裂谷环境下的产物。本文的地球化学分析结果显示 :玄武岩具有低Ti,Nb和Ta负异常、富集LREE ,相对亏损HFSE ,Th/Ta比值高 (介于 9～ 15 ) ,La/Nb >1.4 ,低Ni,Th/La为0 .32～ 0 .5 6;低Zr/Nb(<16) ,(87Sr/ 86 Sr) i 为 0 .70 4～ 0 .70 7,εNd(t) =- 6.4 6,δEu≈ 1的地球化学特点 ;流纹岩同样具有低Ti,Nb和Ta负异常 ,Th/Ta为 6～ 12 ,低Ti/Zr比值 (介于 6.1～ 5 3)之间 ;稀土元素配分为MREE负异常 ,δEu为 0 .5～ 1.1,(87Sr/ 86 Sr) i 为 0 .70 2 6～ 0 .70 4 8,εNd(t)为+ 5 .60～ + 6.14。综合两类岩石的地球化学特征 ,可以推测它们是陆缘弧岩浆作用的产物 ,但并非同源岩浆演化的结果。玄武岩源于富集的岩石圈地幔 ,在岩浆上升过程中发生明显的陆壳混染作用 ,而流纹岩应为镁铁质下地壳部分熔融与地幔物质混合作用的产物     

Metasomatized harzburgite xenoliths from Avacha volcano as fragments of mantle wedge of the Kamchatka arc: Implication for the metasomatic agent

Abstract   Abundant peridotite xenoliths have been found in pyroclasitics of Avacha (Avachinsky) volcano, the south Kamchatka arc, Russia. They are mostly refractory harzburgite with or without clinopyroxene: the Fo of olivine and Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio of spinel range from 91 to 92 and from 0.5 to 0.7, respectively. They are metasomatized to various extents, and the metasomatic orthopyroxene has been formed at the expense of olivine. The metasomatic orthopyroxene, free of deformation and exsolution, is characterized by low contents of CaO and Cr₂O₃. The complicated way of replacement possibly indicates low viscosity of the metasomatic agent, namely hydrous fluids released from the relatively cool slab beneath the south Kamchatka arc. This is a good contrast to the north Kamchatka arc, where the slab has been hot enough to provide slab-derived melts. High content of total orthopyroxene, 40 vol% on average, in metasomatized harzburgite from Avacha suggests silica enrichment of the mantle wedge, and is equivalent to some subcratonic harzburgite. Some subcratonic harzburgites therefore could have been formed by transportation of subarc metasomatized peridotites to a deeper part of the upper mantle.