多种类植被覆盖地区ASTER影像岩石、土壤信息提取方法研究

植被的发育限制了遥感在地质学方面的应用,特别是在多种类植被发育地区不能直接地根据波谱特征进行岩石与矿物方面的填图.利用线性波谱分离等技术方法可以从植被、基岩或土壤混合信息中区分出多类别植被波谱,从像元混合光谱中减去各植被类型所占的像元光谱强度,从而可以求出土壤光谱强度及其所占的份额,有效剥离出岩石和土壤信息.在试验区利用多种类植被干扰消除方法,进行遥感蚀变矿物和岩石填图,具有极大的可靠性.该技术可以在中等植被发育地区的遥感填图中得以推广和应用.     

Combining satellite and seismic images to analyse the shallow structure of the Dead Sea Transform near the DESERT transect

The left-lateral Dead Sea Transform (DST) in the Middle East is one of the largest continental strike-slip faults of the world. The southern segment of the DST in the Arava/Araba Valley between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea, called Arava/Araba Fault (AF), has been studied in detail in the multidisciplinary DESERT (DEad SEa Rift Transect) project. Based on these results, here, the interpretations of multi-spectral (ASTER) satellite images and seismic reflection studies have been combined to analyse geologic structures. Whereas satellite images reveal neotectonic activity in shallow young sediments, reflection seismic image deep faults that are possibly inactive at present. The combination of the two methods allows putting some age constraint on the activity of individual fault strands. Although the AF is clearly the main active fault segment of the southern DST, we propose that it has accommodated only a limited (up to 60 km) part of the overall 105 km of sinistral plate motion since Miocene times. There is evidence for sinistral displacement along other faults, based on geological studies, including satellite image interpretation. Furthermore, a subsurface fault is revealed ≈4 km west of the AF on two ≈E–W running seismic reflection profiles. Whereas these seismic data show a flower structure typical for strike-slip faults, on the satellite image this fault is not expressed in the post-Miocene sediments, implying that it has been inactive for the last few million years. About 1 km to the east of the AF another, now buried fault, was detected in seismic, magnetotelluric and gravity studies of DESERT. Taking together various evidences, we suggest that at the beginning of transform motion deformation occurred in a rather wide belt, possibly with the reactivation of older ≈N–S striking structures. Later, deformation became concentrated in the region of today’s Arava Valley. Till ≈5 Ma ago there might have been other, now inactive fault traces in the vicinity of the present day AF that took up lateral motion. Together with a rearrangement of plates ≈5 Ma ago, the main fault trace shifted then to the position of today’s AF.     

Himawari 8 AHI数据地表温度反演的实用劈窗算法

地表温度是水文、气象、气候和环境等研究领域中的关键参数,利用热红外遥感可快速获取区域和全球高精度的地表温度数据。Himawari 8号是日本发射的新一代地球静止轨道气象卫星,星上搭载AHI(Advanced Himawari Imager)成像仪,具有更高的时空分辨率。利用AHI第14(11.2μm)和15(12.35μm)通道星上亮温数据,提出反演地表温度的实用劈窗算法,其中输入的发射率数据利用ASTER GED(Global Emissivity Dataset)v4计算得到。劈窗算法的系数由观测角度和大气水汽含量分区决定,其中大气水汽含量由两个劈窗通道直接估算得到。利用黑河流域生态—水文过程综合遥感观测联合试验(Hi WATER)4个站点的实测数据和中国7个湖泊中心点的MODIS地表温度产品对反演结果进行验证,结果表明,算法的均方根误差(RMSE)在3 K以内,达到目前常用遥感地表温度产品的精度。同时与利用MOD11C3 C6产品估算的发射率和温度反演结果进行对比分析,发现ASTER GED反演的结果具有更高的精度,适合用来生产高精度的地表温度产品。     

基于矿物光谱指数的蚀变信息提取——以西藏多龙铜金矿集区ASTER数据为例

矿物光谱指数是利用比值的方法增强Fe和含OH矿物在可见光、短波红外区间的吸收特征,进而提取蚀变矿物信息的一种方法。由于斑岩型矿床的蚀变分带特征明显,西藏多龙矿集区中集中了斑岩型、浅成低温热液型等铜、金矿床,通过矿物光谱指数的计算提取相关蚀变信息,对该区域的下一步找矿具有指导意义。本文采用矿物光谱指数(5+7)/6、(6+9)/8等方法提取了镁、铝两类羟基及铝羟基类下的高岭石等蚀变信息,采用5/4、2/1的方法提取了二价铁、三价铁的蚀变信息。经过与OLI影像采用PCA方法及野外实地勘查采样,证实了利用本文方法所提取的蚀变信息有效。     

Evaluation of intermediate TanDEM-X digital elevation data products over Tasmania using other digital elevation models and accurate heights from the Australian National Gravity Database

The successful operation of the TanDEM-X satellite mission is the start of a new era of globally consistent and accurate digital elevation data for planet Earth. In this work available 12 m-resolution intermediate TanDEM-X products (DEM: digital elevation model; HEM: height error map; COV: coverage map; WAM: water indication mask) are evaluated over Tasmania. Elevations from the TanDEM-X intermediate digital elevation model (IDEM) are compared with (a) other global DEMs (30 m-resolution SRTM1 USGS v3 and 30 m-resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflectometer (ASTER GDEM2), (b) the local 25 m-resolution DEM made available by Tasmanian environmental authority (DPIPWE), and (c) over 15 000 accurate ground-control-points (GCPs) from the Australian National Gravity Database (ANGD). The comparison with ASTER and SRTM over the area of Tasmania involves over 500 million valid TanDEM-X IDEM elevations. The root-mean-square (RMS) of 8.8 m indicates a reasonable to good agreement of TanDEM-X IDEM and SRTM, while ASTER shows almost twice the disagreement in terms of RMS (～16.5 m). Both, ASTER and SRTM show a (mean) offset of –1.9 m and –2.3 m w.r.t. TanDEM-X IDEM, respectively. By comparisons with GCPs, we find that SRTM and ASTER overestimate the terrain height. The comparison with the AGND GCPs also allows an estimate of the absolute accuracy of the IDEM, which is found to be superior to that of SRTM or ASTER. The RMS error of 6.6 m shows that the IDEM is close to the officially denoted 4 m absolute vertical accuracy considering that the GCPs are not error free. The height error map information layer is found to a suitable first indicator of the (local) accuracy of the IDEM in a relative sense. However, we find that the HEM tends to underestimate observed differences to the GCPs. Terrain-type analyses reveal that the TanDEM-X IDEM is a very consistent elevation database over Tasmania. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the new TanDEM-X elevation data sets provide improved high-resolution terrain information over Tasmania and beyond.     

基于ASTER GED产品的地表发射率估算

地表发射率是地表温度反演的重要输入参数,为了解决现有地表发射率估算方法在裸露地表精度较差的问题,本文基于最新的ASTER全球地表发射率产品(ASTER GED)和基于植被覆盖度的方法(VCM),提出了一个改进的地表发射率估算方法。首先,利用ASTER GED产品求解裸土发射率,然后,利用ASTER波谱库中的植被发射率和植被覆盖度结合VCM方法计算地表发射率。利用张掖地区2012年11景ASTER TES算法反演的地表发射率产品和实测地表发射率数据进行了验证,同时利用一景Landsat 8 TIRS数据分析了对地表温度反演精度的影响。结果表明该方法估算的地表发射率整体精度较高,可以有效改进裸露地表的发射率估算精度,用于支持利用多种热红外传感器数据生产高精度的地表温度产品。     

Evaluating digital elevation models for glaciologic applications: An example from Nevado Coropuna, Peruvian Andes

This paper evaluates the suitability of readily available elevation data derived from recent sensors – the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) – for glaciological applications. The study area is Nevado Coropuna (6426 m), situated in Cordillera Ampato of Southern Peru. The glaciated area was 82.6 km² in 1962, based on aerial photography. We estimate the glacier area to be ca. 60.8 km² in 2000, based on analysis of the ASTER L1B scene.We used two 1:50,000 topographic maps constructed from 1955 aerial photography to create a digital elevation model with 30 m resolution, which we used as a reference dataset. Of the various interpolation techniques examined, the TOPOGRID algorithm was found to be superior to other techniques, and yielded a DEM with a vertical accuracy of ± 14.7 m. The 1955 DEM was compared to the SRTM DEM (2000) and ASTER DEM (2001) on a cell-by-cell basis. Steps included: validating the DEM's against field GPS survey points on rock areas; visualization techniques such as shaded relief and contour maps; quantifying errors (bias) in each DEM; correlating vertical differences between various DEM's with topographic characteristics (elevation, slope and aspect) and subtracting DEM elevations on a cell-by-cell basis.The RMS error of the SRTM DEM with respect to GPS points on non-glaciated areas was 23 m. The ASTER DEM had a RMS error of 61 m with respect to GPS points and displayed 200–300 m horizontal offsets and elevation ‘spikes’ on the glaciated area when compared to the DEM from topographic data.Cell-by-cell comparison of SRTM and ASTER-derived elevations with topographic data showed ablation at the toes of the glaciers (− 25 m to − 75 m surface lowering) and an apparent thickening at the summits. The mean altitude difference on glaciated area (SRTM minus topographic DEM) was − 5 m, pointing towards a lowering of the glacier surface during the period 1955–2000. Spurious values on the glacier surface in the ASTER DEM affected the analysis and thus prevented us from quantifying the glacier changes based on the ASTER data.     

基于红外光谱技术的西藏多不杂斑岩型Cu-Au矿床蚀变及矿化特征研究——以钻孔ZK3112为例

多不杂斑岩型Cu-Au矿床是西藏多龙矿集区内的三大矿床之一,随着该区找矿工作逐渐向深部及外围展开,需要较新的技术方法与勘查理念。本文通过短波红外(SWIR)技术对矿区内ZK3112钻孔开展光谱填图工作,在厘清钻孔内蚀变矿物类型、空间分布及矿物组合分带的基础上,对主要蚀变矿物的波谱特征参数变化规律进行统计。研究发现绢云母Al-OH2200Pos的低值(<2200 nm)和绿泥石Fe-OH2250Pos的高值(>2254 nm)均可以指示钻孔内蚀变较强的区域,可快速定位热液矿化中心,是有效的找矿勘查标识。利用ASTER数据提取区域上羟基蚀变信息,发现在多个矿区范围内均出现了与多不杂同样的羟基异常,这说明针对蚀变矿物波谱特征所建立的找矿勘查标志可能同样适用于本区域其他同类型矿床。该研究成果可为多不杂矿床及区域内同类型矿床的找矿勘查工作提供新方法、新理念。     

遥感矿化蚀变分带弱信息增强提取方法研究——以普朗斑岩型铜矿区为例

为弥补以往研究中遥感矿化蚀变信息提取精细化程度不高、对西南三江斑岩型铜矿深部找矿勘查推进支撑作用有限的不足,针对西南三江成矿带中南段滇西北普朗斑岩型铜矿区矿化蚀变分带从外至内呈青磐岩化—硅化绢云母化—钾化硅化分布的特点,分析斑岩型铜矿矿化蚀变分带的特征矿物组成、诊断性波谱及其ASTER遥感波谱响应;采用多重分形"广义自相似性"和"局部奇异性"理论与能谱面积法(S-A法),探索复杂地质背景条件下斑岩型铜矿蚀变分带特征矿物,即青磐岩化(绿泥石、绿帘石)、硅化绢云母化(石英、绢云母)和钾化(钾长石)硅化(石英)等弱信息增强与提取方法;通过对遥感蚀变分带结果进行实地查证及岩矿鉴定,印证了本文构建的斑岩型铜矿蚀变分带遥感异常增强和提取方法的可靠性。     

基于机载MASTER数据的果园叶面积指数遥感反演

叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)是描述植被冠层结构的重要参数,准确获取果树的LAI对果树长势监测和果树估产均有重要作用。以美国加州中部的果园为研究区,基于沿太阳主平面飞行成像的机载MODIS/ASTER模拟传感器(MODIS/ASTER airborne simulator,MASTER)数据,利用实测LAI数据与归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、归一化差值红外指数(normalized difference infrared index,NDII)和归一化差值水体指数(normalized difference water index,NDWI)分别建立回归模型,并选取NDWI进行研究区LAI的反演。结果表明:由于地物的二向性反射,垂直太阳主平面飞行获取的遥感数据具有明显的亮度梯度现象,而沿太阳主平面飞行获取的遥感数据几乎不受亮度梯度的影响;NDVI在高植被覆盖区容易达到饱和,而NDWI比NDVI和NDII具有更高的拟合度和更小的均方根误差,更加适合研究区LAI的遥感反演;该研究结果可以丰富LAI反演理论,也可以为研究LAI尺度问题提供理论和数据支持。