岩石圈板块的分形及其降维演化

根据分形理论和各板块的面积以及现代大陆各地块面积资料 ,分别进行了全球岩石圈板块和全球大陆地块自相似性特征尺度与频度关系的研究讨论。结果表明 ,现代全球岩石圈板块在特征线度r =30 0～ 180 0km的无标度空间范围内具有分形分布特征 ,其分维数D =0 72 ;现代全球大陆地块在特征线度r =30 0～ 150 0km的无标度空间范围内具有分形分布特征 ,其分维数D =1 16 ,比现代全球板块 0 72的分形值高出 6 1%。进一步讨论认为 :传统的“板块构造动力”应区分为岩石圈破裂形成板块动力的“板块构造动力Ⅰ”和板块水平运动驱动力的“板块构造动力Ⅱ”两个方面 ;全球板块总数为 18个左右、最小板块面积在 3× 10 5 km2 左右的板块分布 ,可能与板块的形成、演化有密切关系 ;原始岩石圈板块的分形分布 ,在地球构造演化过程中有一个降维演化趋势 ,其降维演化的速率约为 4 34× 10 -10 a-1;根据分维数反映分形客体复杂与不规则程度的物理意义 ,岩石圈破碎地块的降维演化意味着岩石圈地块的破碎状况及其分布 ,具有在总体上随时间演化而逐渐向简单、规则方向演化的趋势 ;原始岩石圈的破裂以及岩石圈破碎地块从古老大陆地块向现代板块的降维演化可能源于地球的膨胀 ,膨胀使各岩石圈块体面积以及地球总面积共同增长并从     

Formation of solid bituminous matter in pegmatites: Constraints from experimentally formed organic matter on microporous silicate minerals

The formation of solid bituminous matter (SBM) on surfaces of microporous silicates was experimentally studied at pressure and temperature conditions typical of late-stage magmatic and hydrothermal processes. Aliquots of microporous silicate minerals (zorite and kuzmenkoite-Mn, Lovozero Alkaline Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia) were exposed to solid or liquid organic carbon sources (natural brown coal and liquid 1-hexene for synthesis purposes) in a 0.1 M NaCl-solution for 7 days, at constant pressure (50 MPa), and at three individual temperatures (200, 275, and 300 °C). No thermal decomposition of the solid organic sources happened at 200 °C and only a thin film of brown coal derivatives on the silicates’ surfaces and no formation of SBM were observed at 275 °C and 300 °C. But solid bituminous matter on the surfaces of both microporous silicates were detected in experiments with liquid 1-hexene as organic carbon source and at temperatures of 275 °C and 300 °C with a more pronounced formation of SBM at 300 °C compared to 275 °C. The aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, as well as alcoholic compounds of the experimentally produced SBM are similar, if not even partly identical, with natural SBM occurrences of the Khibiny and Lovozero Massifs, Kola Peninsula, Russia, and from the Viitaniemi granitic pegmatite, Finland, as shown by FT-IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. This strengthens the hypothesis of formation of natural solid bituminous matter by catalytic reactions between microporous Ti-, Nb- and Zr-silicates and hydrocarbons at postmagmatic hydrothermal conditions.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000588

Large charnockite massifs occur in the high-grade Southern Granulite Terrain(SGT) and Eastern Ghats Belt(EGB) crustal provinces of Peninsular India.Available geochronological data indicate that the magmatism is episodic,associated with distinct orogenic cycles in the different crustal domains. The geochemical data also indicate a change in composition from trondhjemitic at～3.0—2.9 Ga to dominantly tonalitic at～2.6—2.5 Ga to tonalitic-granodiorite-granitic at—2.0—1.9 Ga to dominantly tonalitic at 1.7—1.6 Ga to quartz monzonitic or tonalitic at～1.0—0.9 Ga to granodiorite-granitic at～0.8—0.7 Ga. The trondhjemitic and tonalitic end members are metaluminous.magnesian and calcic to calc-alkalic, characteristic of magnesian group charnockites.The granodioritic to granitic end members are metaluminous to slightly peraluminous.ferroan and calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic,characteristic of ferroan group charnockites.The quartz monzonitic end members are metaluminous to peraluminous,magnesian to ferroan and calcic to calc-alkalic.neither characteristic of the magnesian group nor of the ferroan group of charnockites. Based on the occurrence and difference in composition of the charnockite massifs,it is suggested that the charnockite magmatism registers the crustal growth of the Indian plate on its southern(SGT) and eastern(EGB) sides,along active continental margins by accretion of arcs.     

Emplacement age of the Songshugou ultramafic massif in the Qinling orogenic belt,and geologic implications

The Songshugou ultramafic massif is located to the north of the Shang‐Dan fault, the Palaeozoic suture between the North and South China blocks. It is the largest Apline‐type ultramafic body in the Qinling orogenic belt of central China, consisting mainly of dunite with a small amount of harzburgite and minor pyroxenite. We present new LA‐ICP‐MS U?Pb dating and trace element results for zircon from two garnet amphibolite samples in the contact metamorphic zone surrounding the massif. One was sampled ～1 m from the massif, the other ～5 m away. The studied zircon grains are small, anhedral, and display typical metamorphic characteristics of low Th/U values (<0.1). The U and Th concentrations of zircon range from several hundred ppm to less than 10 ppm. Cathodoluminescence images show two apparent generations of zircon, with lighter cores and darker rims. Core and rim ages however, are identical within error. These two samples yield identical concordant ages of 506±7 and 510±7 Ma, suggesting that the Songshugou ultramafic massif was emplaced at ～510 Ma. Low HREE concentrations and the absence of Eu anomalies in most analysed zircons suggest that the studied grains most likely formed during garnet amphibolite metamorphism induced by emplacement of the ultramafic massif.

To better understand the cooling history of the massif, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of amphibole from three garnet amphibolite specimens in the contact metamorphic zone and one amphobolite sample about 20 m away from the massif were determined. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages increase from 372±15 Ma (JSM‐01) near the massif to disturbed, unreliable ‘plateau’ ages of 474±8 Ma (JSM‐03) and 781±146 Ma (JSM‐04) with increasing distance from the ultramafic massif, showing limited heating during exhumation of the massif, followed by slow cooling. Therefore, the Songshugou ultramafic massif does not reflect the Jining orogeny at ～1 Ga. Instead, it was emplaced into the Proterozoic, Qinling Group during the Palaeozoic, probably due to the subduction along the Shang‐Dan fault.     

Age and origin of charoitite,Malyy Murun massif,Siberia, Russia

Сharoitite consists of gem-quality mineral charoite and subordinate quartz, aegirine, K-feldspar, tinaksite, canasite, and some other minerals. This rock type is known only from one locality in the world associated with the Early Cretaceous (131.3 ± 2.4 Ma, K–Ar age) Malyy Murun syenite massif, Siberia, Russia. Although charoitite mineralogy is well known, there is disagreement whether it reflects metasomatic or magmatic activity. In order to understand when the charoitites formed we attempted to date it by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar incremental step-heating and laser ablation techniques. Our results show that the fibrous structure of water-bearing charoite does not retain radiogenic argon. Laser ablation ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar for K-feldspar and tinaksite from the charoitite yielded several age clusters even from the same mineral grain. The oldest cluster of 134.1 ± 2.9 Ma for the K-feldspar agrees with the age of the Malyy Murun syenites. The youngest age of 113.3 ± 3.4 Ma for charoitite K-feldspar overlaps with the youngest of published K–Ar ages (112 ± 5 Ma) for one K-feldspar sample of the Malyy Murun syenite. Tinaksite is characterized by a similar spread of ages (from 133.0 ± 3 Ma to 115.7 ± 4.3 Ma) within a single grain. We suggest that charoitites originated due to the interaction of metasomatic agents derived from the Malyy Murun magma and country rocks. Timing of magma emplacement and charoitite crystallization is reflected by the older cluster of ages, whereas the younger ages are due to a secondary process.     

佳木斯地块西缘太平沟地区蛇绿岩的发现及其构造意义

在进行1：25万嘉荫县和太平沟幅区调填图时,首次在太平沟地区发现蛇绿岩的存在.太平沟蛇绿岩出露在黑龙江省东部佳木斯地块西侧,牡丹江-嘉荫断裂以东,呈NE向展布于中元古界黑龙江岩群之中,并与其呈构造接触.蛇绿岩由超镁铁质岩类蛇纹岩、蛇纹石化橄榄辉石岩和变基性岩等组成.太平沟蛇绿岩是松嫩地块-佳木斯地块裂解的产物.蛇绿岩可能来源于俯冲带附近的由小型扩张中心形成的次生洋壳,具有LREE略富集的P-MORB特征,Nd、Ta的负异常,可能与俯冲作用有关.太平沟蛇绿岩的发现,对于研究黑龙江省东部元古宙板块构造、佳木斯地块的形成与演化提供了构造动力学信息,对寻找与地幔有关的金属矿产具有指导意义.     

辽宁板块构造特征及大地构造单元划分

利用板块构造理论,依据近年来1：5万区域地质调查及相关科研成果,对辽宁地壳发展演化进行了分析研究,提出辽宁地壳发展可暂划分为早前寒武纪大陆增生构造体制和中元古宙以来的板块构造体制.中太古代-古元古代发现了绿岩地体和古元古宙裂谷,因此将早前寒武纪视作原始板块,中元古代-古生代视作古板块,中生代以来视作现代板块.在此基础上对辽宁大地构造单元进行了划分.辽宁Ⅰ级构造单元为塔里木-华北板块.Ⅱ级构造单元为天山-赤峰陆缘活动带和华北陆块.Ⅲ级构造单元5个,分别为建平-西丰华力西陆缘造山带、冀辽地块、铁岭-清原微地块、辽吉地块及下辽河-辽东湾新生代裂谷.Ⅳ级构造单元16个.为清楚地了解辽宁地壳发展演化特点,对5个Ⅲ级构造单元地质特征进行简要阐述.     

东疆中天山红星山铅锌(银)矿床地质特征及区域成矿作用对比

红星山铅锌矿床位于东疆中天山地块的东段.矿体赋存于青白口系天湖群红星山组第三亚组地层内,并受断裂构造的控制,主要呈脉状、透镜状顺层产出,含矿岩石为大理岩和碳质糜棱岩.金属矿物组合为方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、辉银矿,围岩蚀变主要有硅化、黄铁矿化、白云石化、碳酸盐化.矿石中硫化物的δ<'34>S值为8.76‰～12.65‰;矿石的铅同位素组成与地层岩石铅的相似,并具有较好的相关性,显示出同源关系.流体包裹体的th集中于220～250℃,成矿流体的w(NaCleq)为3.39%～11.81%.区域岩石地球化学特征表明,青白口系天湖群内的大理岩、片麻岩及各类花岗岩中Pb、Ag的丰度值较高,可能是该区铅锌矿的矿源层,矿石的铅和硫同位素特征也指示成矿物质可能来源于地层.此外,该矿区内华力西期中酸性岩浆活动也可能提供了部分成矿物质.通过与同一成矿带内的彩霞山铅锌矿床、玉西银(铅锌)矿床对比,总结了东疆中天山地块内铅锌(银)矿的成矿特征及成矿规律.笔者认为,区域内铅锌(银)成矿与前寒武纪基底变质岩关系密切,矿体产于特定的地层层位和岩性建造(大理岩、含碳碎屑岩)内,并受一定构造部位的控制,华力西期岩浆活动对成矿具有改造变富作用,矿床成因类型属沉积变质-热液改造型层控矿床.     

兴蒙造山带的基底属性与构造演化过程

为了解兴蒙造山带基底属性和多个构造体系演化与叠加历史,系统总结了近年来在基础地质研究中取得的新成果,并利用这些成果讨论了兴蒙造山带的基底属性与演化历史.兴蒙造山带是指我国东北地区古生代构造作用影响的地区,这些地区也遭受了中生代构造作用的叠加与改造.兴蒙造山带主要由微陆块和其间的造山带组成.虽然传统上认为属于前寒武纪结晶基底的地质体主要已解体为古生代和早中生代,但随着新太古代和古元古代地质体的相继发现,以及新生代玄武岩中幔源古元古代橄榄岩包体的发现,可以判定兴蒙造山带内微陆块应具有古老的前寒武纪基底,并且壳幔是耦合的.微陆块内部地壳增生以垂向增生为主,且主要发生在新元古代和中元古代,以及次要的新太古代和古生代.相反,陆块间造山带或岛弧地体的陆壳则以侧向增生为主,且主要发生在新元古代和古生代.额尔古纳地块与兴安地块的拼合发生在早古生代早期;兴安地块与松嫩地块的拼合发生在早石炭世晚期;松嫩地块与佳木斯地块的拼合发生在早古生代晚期,中生代早期又经历了裂解与再闭合的构造演化过程;华北克拉通北缘增生杂岩带与北方微陆块群的最终拼合发生在晚二叠世-中三叠世,古亚洲洋的最终闭合发生在中三叠世,且为剪刀式闭合.晚古生代晚期蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋板块南向俯冲作用的发生以及早中生代(三叠纪-早侏罗世)的持续南向俯冲,控制了大兴安岭-冀北-辽西地区的岩浆活动,蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋的闭合发生在中侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世主要表现为闭合后的伸展环境.古太平洋板块中生代的俯冲起始时间为早侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期东北亚陆缘主要表现为走滑的构造属性和陆缘地体从低纬度到高纬度的构造就位过程,早白垩世晚期-古近纪岩浆作用的向东收缩揭示了古太平洋板块的持续俯冲和俯冲板片的后撤过程,古近纪晚期日本海的打开标志着东北亚陆缘从活动陆缘已经转变为沟-弧-盆体系,并且标志着东亚大地幔楔的形成.     

内蒙古东北部得耳布尔铅锌银矿床闪锌矿Rb-Sr年龄及地质意义

得耳布尔铅锌银矿床产出于内蒙古东北部额尔古纳地块中部,得尔布干断裂西北侧。矿石呈角砾状、团块状产出,尤以闪锌矿粗大集合体与方铅矿伴生为特征。本次研究在对矿石开展矿相学研究基础上,选取成矿早阶段未遭受构造活动影响的8件闪锌矿样品进行Rb-Sr同位素分析,结果显示,8件样品~(87)Rb/~(86)Sr和~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr同位素比值分别在0.0824~8.957和0.712 902~0.730 753之间,二者之间具线性关系,8件样品构成等时线年龄为(144±13)Ma,剔除2件偏离等时线较远样品数据后,获得等时线年龄为(141.6±1.9)Ma(MSWD=1.8)。矿床形成于早白垩世,与额尔古纳地块内其他铅锌银矿床时代基本一致。额尔古纳地块中生代成矿作用直接受控于蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山过程,造山带后碰撞阶段局部拉伸环境引发晚侏罗世—早白垩世浅成岩浆侵入活动,得耳布尔铅锌银矿床的形成与之相关。