水产品鲐鱼(Pneumatophorus japonicus)细菌多样性及优势微生物分析

为研究鲐鱼(Pneumatophorus japonicus)在不同冻藏时期的优势微生物,并且得到一个较全面的细菌群落组成结构,采用16SrDNA基因克隆文库及克隆子分析等方法,分别对冻藏1d、8d和20d条件下鲐鱼鳃体系中的细菌种群多样性、优势微生物及其中产组胺菌的变化进行分析。结果表明,不同时期鲐鱼鳃内的细菌多样性均较强;冻藏1天的鳃体系中不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)占优势为总数的77.5%,产组胺细菌如泛菌属(Pantoea)和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)较少;第8天优势细菌种群是梭杆菌属(Fusobacteria bacterium)和希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella),而产组胺菌如发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)和弧菌属(Vibrio)较前期数量有所增加;冻藏到第20天的优势种群为哈夫尼菌属(Hafnia)和沙雷菌属(Serratia),它们均是产组胺的菌群。鲐鱼中细菌多样性及其优势微生物的变化等全面信息可为了解鲐鱼水产品组胺发生的微生物机制及其控制方法提供重要依据。     

笛鲷属(Lutjanus)鱼类线粒体16S rRNA基因序列比较及系统学分析

对笛鲷属9种鱼的线粒体DNA16S rRNA基因片段进行了PCR扩增,扩增产物经纯化后测序,得到了长度为561bp的分析序列。结合GenBank中的另外9种笛鲷的16S rRNA同源序列计算得出A、T、G、C的含量平均为28.5%、22.1%、23.6%和25.8%,AT含量稍高于GC含量,18种笛鲷碱基组成差异不大。利用MEGA3.1软件对所得序列进行比对后检测到72个变异位点,其中包括简约信息位点44个,在变异位点中75.61%的碱基替换是由于发生了转换,转换/颠换平均为3.1︰1。计算了种间的遗传距离,结果表明,序列差异在0.0193-0.0680之间,其中勒氏笛鲷和金焰笛鲷、勒氏笛鲷和金带笛鲷的序列差异最小,而红鳍笛鲷和金焰笛鲷、红鳍笛鲷和画眉笛鲷的序列差异最大。选用高体四长棘鲷(Argyrops spinifer)为外群,利用NJ法构建了分子系统树,结果表明:本研究中的9种南海笛鲷与其它9种笛鲷进化关系较远;并且南海9种笛鲷相互之间仍然保持着着相对较远的遗传距离,遗传多样性较好。     

The divergent environmental characteristics of permanently-open,seasonally-open and normally-closed estuaries of south-western Australia

This study has compared the environmental characteristics of the basins and saline lower reaches of the tributaries of eight estuaries on the south coast of Western Australia, which differ in their degree of connectivity with the ocean. Although four estuaries between 115.1° and 121.8° E along that coast remain permanently open to the ocean, the others only become open when the volume of river discharge is sufficient to breach the prominent sand bars at their mouths, which occurs annually following heavy winter and early spring rainfall in some estuaries (seasonally open) and infrequently in others (normally closed). Estuaries to the west of 118.5° E are predominantly permanently open, e.g. Oyster Harbour, or seasonally open, e.g. Broke, Irwin and Wilson inlets, whereas those further east, e.g. Wellstead Estuary and Hamersley, Culham and Stokes inlets, where annual rainfall and thus discharge are much lower, only become open after exceptionally heavy discharge. In permanently and seasonally-open estuaries, pronounced haloclines and oxyclines are present in the narrow rivers but not the wide basins where the waters are subjected to wind-driven mixing. The extent of cyclical seasonal fluctuations in environmental conditions differed markedly among the three seasonally-open estuaries and between years in one of those systems. These differences reflected variations in the relationship between the volume of fluvial discharge, which is determined by a combination of the amount of local rainfall, catchment size and extent of clearing of native vegetation, and the amount of intrusion by marine waters, which is largely controlled by the size and duration of the opening of the estuary mouth. The mean seasonal salinities in the basins of the three normally-closed estuaries increased over three years of very low rainfall to 64 in the deepest of these estuaries (Stokes Inlet) to 145 in Hamersley Inlet and to 296 in the shallowest estuary (Culham Inlet). These results demonstrate that the environmental characteristics of estuaries on the south coast of Western Australia differ markedly, even among those of the same type, e.g. seasonally-open estuaries or normally-closed estuaries.     

冬季刺参养殖环境与肠道内细菌菌群的研究

运用传统细菌分离培养与分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对2008年11月至2009年1月冬季刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Liao)养殖池塘环境(养殖水、底泥、附着基)及刺参肠道内的细菌菌群进行了分析。应用平板稀释涂布培养计数法测得刺参养殖池塘水体、底泥、附着基和肠道细菌数量分别为0.75×102～1.4×104cfu/mL、8.7×104～8.1×105cfu/g、3.8×105～2.8×106cfu/g、7.1×105～1.5×107cfu/g;根据形态学差异从培养所得的细菌中筛选得到22株菌,用限制性内切酶Rsa I和Msp I对所分离菌株进行ARDRA(Amplified rDNA Restriction Analysis)分析,这22株菌被分为8种不同的分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Unit,OTU),其中OTU2与OTU3所包含的菌株分别占分离菌株种数的30%和20%;此外,作者对不同环境培养所得的优势度最高的细菌进行分子鉴定分析。结果表明:水环境中优势菌为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)、门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina)及巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),沉积物中优势菌为巨大芽孢杆菌(B.megaterium)、施氏假单胞菌(P.stutzeri)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis),附着基中优势菌为巨大芽孢杆菌(B.megaterium)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(B.thuringiensis),灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus),肠道中优势菌为巨大芽孢杆菌(B.megaterium)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(B.thuringiensis),灿烂弧菌(V.splendidus)、施氏假单胞菌(P.stutzeri)。通过对冬季刺参池塘细菌菌群多样性分析和优势菌鉴定,为筛选低温益生菌和防治刺参疾病提供了有益参考。     

饥饿对方斑东风螺形态和组织生化成分的影响

以室内实验测定了方斑东风螺（Babylonia areolata）在饥饿120d过程中形态、组织生化成分及RNA/DNA比值的连续变化.结果显示,饥饿前期幼螺体重变幅较小,肝体比与体壳比下降迅速,三者分别于饥饿80、40、20d时显著地低于对照组,至饥饿120d时其降幅分别为22.33%、44.02%、30.39%.方斑东风螺在饥饿过程中,螺足肌与肝胰脏的水分含量分别从80.19%、48.44%上升至89.68%、63.97%;灰分含量分别从11.35%、8.92%增加至22.80%、16.52%;肝胰脏蛋白质含量从53.18%上升至56.65%.饥饿40d时,其足肌、肝胰脏脂肪含量均显著低于对照组,糖原含量在其饥饿20、40d时也显著地下降.饥饿120d时,其足肌的脂肪和糖原含量相应降幅分别为32.22%、44.64%,而肝胰脏的脂肪和糖原含量相应降幅则分别为26.87%、47.17%.足肌蛋白质含量在其饥饿80d前较稳定,后期迅速下降,实验结束时降幅为8.61%.这2种组织的RNA/DNA比值也呈逐渐下降趋势.上述结果表明,在饥饿状态下幼螺主要消耗这2种组织中脂肪与糖原的供能,当禁食长达80d后则加大对足肌蛋白质的动用,而相对保留肝胰脏蛋白质.组织含水量、RNA/DNA比值均可作为方斑东风螺饥饿状态下的营养预测指标.     

Profiling Planctomycetales diversity with reference to anammox‐related bacteria in a South China Sea,deep‐sea sediment

A systematic assessment of Planctomycetales diversity in a South China Sea, deep‐sea sediment (1657 m) was conducted using the 16S rRNA gene analysis approach. PCR amplification of the samples from seven sediment layers (0.1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 m below the surface sediment) using the primer set Pla‐46‐F/1392‐R showed that the Planctomycetales existed within a limited range of sediment depths (≤ 5 m), and had a decreasing trend in diversity with increasing depth. The majority of the retrieved Pla‐46‐F/1392‐R sequences belonged to Pirellula‐related Planctomycetales, and two sequences retrieved from the 0.1‐m layer (GenBank accession numbers: DQ996944 and DQ996945 ) shared the same anammox‐related signature oligonucleotides and were closely related to commonly recognized anammox organisms. To identify new anammox‐related biomarkers, three primer sets were designed for amplifying the fragments of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase and S‐adenosylmethionine radical enzyme genes, but no related sequences were found. Our multiple 16S rRNA gene primer sets (Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology, 2008, in press) revealed even an higher diversity of Planctomycetales in the 0.1‐m layer of the sediment, especially at genus level. Our data profiled the distribution pattern of Planctomycetales diversity along sediment depths, and provided molecular evidence for the existence of anammox‐related bacteria in a new location, which broadens our understanding of Planctomycetales diversity in deep sea sediments.     

Production of the Crab Elamenopsis kempiHymenosomatidae in the Garmat-Ali Region, Basrah, Iraq

Abstract. The production of the hymenosomatid crab Elamenopsis kempi was calculated for a period of 18 months from a subtidal area of the Garmat-Ali river, southern Iraq. The highest average individual somatic energy was attained in spring. Maximum population biomass and production were attained by the summer cohort and the minimum values were exhibited by the overwintering cohort. The fluctuations of the average population biomass were followed throughout the sampling period. Average total annual population production was 13.2 g DW · m^-2· a^-1 and the P/B ratio was 5.9. These values were compared with those of the most common crustaceans in the region.     

Influence of Bottom Stress on the Two-layer Flow Induced by Gravity Currents in Estuaries

Baroclinic circulation in highly stratified and partially stratified estuaries is characterised by a two-layer flow: a bottom salt- water inflow and a surface brackish-water outflow. Tidal period variation of the thicknesses of a two-layer flow is observed to be associated with mixing, bottom stress and hydraulic characteristics of superposed tidal and gravity currents. Here, both analytical two-layer hydraulic equations with weak friction and a numerical model including a turbulence closure were utilised to understand the mechanism of the layer tendency within a two-layer flow under different barotropic flow conditions. It has been found that in the weak bottom friction case, a gravity current has two critical solutions at the layer thickness equal to 0·5Hand 0·292H. The layer thickness towards a particular critical solution is dependent on the sign of the bottom stress, i.e. when the bottom stress is opposite (favor) to the bottom gravity current, its layer thickness converges to 0·5H(0·292H). In the case of strong bottom stress and mixing opposing the gravity current, the solutions of the gravity current layer thickness at 0·5Hand 0·292Hwill not be valid. Both mixing and vorticity produced by bottom stress erode the halocline, and produce a high velocity core in the mid-depth, which leads to the thickness of a bottom gravity current greater than 0·5H. These internal hydraulic tendency and mixing processes, varying with time-dependent barotropic tidal current forcing, determine the tidal period variation of the gravity current structure.     

中华鳖气单胞菌疖疮病的研究

气单胞菌疖疮病是中华鳖的主要病害之一,其发病对象主要是稚鳖。将病鳖进行细菌分离,获得的菌株经人工感染、毒力测试和细菌学鉴定,确定致病菌为嗜水气单胞菌Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ与豚鼠气单胞菌Ａ．ｃａｖｉａｅ。此两种致病菌不仅对健康鳖表现出较强的致病力,出现与自然病鳖相同的症状,且对健康小鼠亦有较强的致死力,半致死量ＬＤ５０分别为４．５×１０６个菌／只和１．５８×１０６个菌／只。此外,测定了病原菌对抗生素的敏感性,为科学防治提供依据。     

Comparative research on karyotype in three species of Arcidae

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