狄洛尼三角网构建的目标点快速定位

针对在狄洛尼三角网构建中现有的目标点定位方法存在算法不够稳定、定位路径不惟一等问题,该文在重心方向定位算法的基础上研究建立一种沿搜索方向移动重心的快速定位方法:当发生目标点与当前重心连线经过三角形顶点或者与某三角形边重合等特殊情况时,利用三角形间的拓扑关系得到下一搜索三角形,以此三角形的重心代替前一重心与目标点构成新的搜索方向,继续搜索,从而解决切点问题;同时采用混合积判定公式确定两条线段的相交关系。仿真实验证明改进方法的定位路径惟一,而且可以大大提高构网效率,算法更稳健。     

一种提高精密单点定位实时性的方法

由于要获取PPP需要的精密钟差文件至少有2d的时间延迟,因此通过提取IGS当天发布的超快星历中的卫星钟差数据,并对钟差数据进行插值,将插值结果做成标准格式钟差数据文件应用到PPP中,可以将精密单点定位的实时性提高为3~9h。基于Bernese软件,采用生成的钟差文件以及当天的超快星历文件对大量实测数据进行PPP。结果表明,对于4h的观测数据,该方法解算精度达到厘米级;当观测时间大于6h时,解算精度基本能够稳定在1~5cm。     

支持向量机的车载雷达点云目标识别

为了进一步研究移动测量系统的数据处理问题,该文根据点云的基本特征,归纳了由7个特征构成的点云原始特征向量,在此基础上,结合语义环境构建了由17个特征构成的点云扩展特征向量,并采用支持向量机模型对车载LiDAR点云进行行道树点云识别的一系列实验。实验中采用粒子群优化算法和遗传算法对支持向量机进行参数寻优;采用不同特征向量和不同数目样本对点云进行学习和目标识别;分析了特征向量的学习曲线和识别精度。实验结果表明,支持向量机模型能够在行道树点云识别中取得较高的精度。     

基于可移动角点的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准

针对航空和地面LiDAR数据配准中点云数据的共轭特征较少且精度差异较大的问题,提出了一种基于可移动角点的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准方法:从航空和地面LiDAR数据中分别提取相应的建筑物角点,采用6参数模型对角点进行初始配准;以地面角点为参照,利用迭代移动方法对误差较大的航空角点进行修正;最后根据移动后的航空和地面角点计算获得点云配准关系。实验结果表明,该文方法可取得较好的点云配准效果,角点修正后能有效提升点云配准精度,适合于含有角点特征的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准。     

一种曲线拟合圆心坐标算法及精度分析

针对在工程应用中,经常需要根据某些圆形物体上的离散点求取其圆心坐标,而采用何种算法简单易行,其精度又与哪些因素有关的相关研究较少的问题,该文提出一种利用曲线拟合求取圆心坐标的简洁算法,并编程实现。然后采用模拟仿真结合统计分析的方法评估了该算法在不同条件下的拟合精度,得出测点误差越大,拟合精度越低;测点个数越多,分布越均匀,拟合精度越高;圆半径对拟合精度影响甚小等结论。在某工程项目中使用该算法得到的结果精度较高,验证了其有效可行,且与采用其他方法得到的坐标值较为接近,说明了该算法的可靠性高。     

双频BDS实时精密单点定位算法和精度分析

为了对BDS实时精密单点定位性能进行评估,该文提出了一种适用于BDS系统的实时精密单点定位算法。采用无电离组合模型作为双频实时精密单点定位的数学模型,采用电离层残差法和Melbourne-Wübbena组合实时探测相位周跳,进而单历元实时估计坐标、模糊度等参数,实现了BDS双频实时精密单点定位算法。基于此算法,采用轨道钟差产品和采样间隔为1s的观测数据,模拟实时BDS双频精密单点定位算法,并评估其定位精度。实验结果表明:BDS双频实时定位的平面精度和三维精度均为0.2m左右。     

渤海蓬莱9-1中生代花岗岩体岩石地球化学特征及其区域构造意义

蓬莱9-1花岗岩体是渤海海域首次发现的中生代花岗岩,鉴于渤海海域在华北克拉通中的重要构造位置,该花岗岩的形成时代和成因机制的研究对区域构造研究具有重大意义。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明该花岗岩体形成于中侏罗世160~165Ma。花岗岩属于高钾钙碱性系列,为准铝质-过铝质花岗岩;富Al_2O_3(14.84%~17.19%)和Sr(485×10~(-6)~909×10~(-6)),贫Y(0.66×10~(-6)~1.39×10~(-6))和Yb(小于2.0×10~(-6)),无铕的负异常,多数样品表现为铕的弱正异常,表现出C-型埃达克岩特征。表明渤海地区在160~165Ma期间处于挤压地壳增厚环境下,以地壳减薄为标志的克拉通破坏过程彼时尚未发生,其区域动力学环境可能仍处于华北板块-华南板块碰撞拼接的影响范围内。     

Molybdenum Mass Fractions and Isotopic Compositions of International Geological Reference Materials

The double‐spike method with multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry was used to measure the Mo mass fractions and isotopic compositions of a set of geological reference materials including the mineral molybdenite, seawater, coral, as well as igneous and sedimentary rocks. The long‐term reproducibility of the Mo isotopic measurements, based on two‐year analyses of NIST SRM 3134 reference solutions and seawater samples, was ≤ 0.07‰ (two standard deviations, 2s, n = 167) for δ^98/95Mo. Accuracy was evaluated by analyses of Atlantic seawater, which yielded a mean δ^98/95Mo of 2.03 ± 0.06‰ (2s, n = 30, relative to NIST SRM 3134 = 0‰) and mass fraction of 0.0104 ± 0.0006 μg g^?1 (2s, n = 30), which is indistinguishable from seawater samples taken world‐wide and measured in other laboratories. The comprehensive data set presented in this study serves as a reference for quality assurance and interlaboratory comparison of high‐precision Mo mass fractions and isotopic compositions.     

Copper Speciation in a Collection of Geochemical Reference Materials Using Sequential Extraction and Evaluation of the Validity Using XANES Spectroscopy

Copper speciation in a collection of Japanese geochemical reference materials (JSO‐1, JLk‐1, JSd‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐4, JMs‐1 and JMs‐2) was achieved by sequential extraction and characterised using X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy. In the first step of the extraction, referred to as the acid fraction, between 1% and 20% total Cu within the reference materials was extracted. Such a result is typically accounted for by absorption of Cu onto clay minerals. However, the presence of Cu sulfate (an oxidation product of chalcopyrite) was observed in some of the stream sediments affected by mining activity (JSd‐2 and JSd‐3) instead. Copper was extracted in the reducible fraction (targeting Fe hydroxide and Mn oxide) (2–49% total Cu). Between 2% and 51% Cu was extracted in the oxidised fraction (targeting sulfides and organic matter). X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy clarified that the reducible fraction consisted of Cu bound to Fe hydroxide, whereas the oxidised fraction was a mixture of Cu bound to humic acid (HA) and Cu sulfide. In the oxidisable fraction, chalcopyrite was the predominant species identified in JSd‐2, and Cu bound to HA was the major species identified in JSO‐1 (a soil sample).     

Identification of Uranyl Minerals Using Oxygen K‐Edge X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Although most of the world's uranium exists as pitchblende or uraninite, this mineral can be weathered to a great variety of secondary uranium minerals, most containing the uranyl cation. Anthropogenic uranium compounds can also react in the environment, leading to spatial–chemical alterations that could be useful for nuclear forensics analyses. Soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has the advantages of being non‐destructive, element‐specific and sensitive to electronic and physical structure. The soft X‐ray probe can also be focused to a spot size on the order of tens of nanometres, providing chemical information with high spatial resolution. However, before XAS can be applied at high spatial resolution, it is necessary to find spectroscopic signatures for a variety of uranium compounds in the soft X‐ray spectral region. To that end, we collected the near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra of a variety of common uranyl‐bearing minerals, including uranyl carbonates, oxyhydroxides, phosphates and silicates. We find that uranyl compounds can be distinguished by class (carbonate, oxyhydroxide, phosphate or silicate) based on their oxygen K‐edge absorption spectra. This work establishes a database of reference spectra for future spatially resolved analyses. We proceed to show scanning X‐ray transmission microscopy (STXM) data from a schoepite particle in the presence of an unknown contaminant.