Effects of the number of stations and time resolution on derivation

For at least 30 years now it has been well known that the Dst index can be modelled using the solar wind as input. Since then, many attempts have been made to improve the predictability of Dst using different approaches. These attempts are useful, for instance, to understand which features of the solar wind–magnetosphere interactions are most important in producing magnetospheric activity and how the Dst index would improve the space weather forecast. The Dst index is by far the most reliable and simple indication that a magnetic storm is in progress. In this work, the effect of using more than four magnetic stations and shorter time intervals than the hourly averages used in Sugiura's procedures is evaluated. The discussion is based on the results presented by Burton in 1975 and Feldstein in 1984 considering 4 or 12 magnetic stations and time averages of 2.5 min for a magnetic disturbed period that occurred from February 7–28, 1967, including two geomagnetic storms. The analysis has shown that the global representation of a magnetic storm by the standard Dst (Sugiura) is well preserved either using 4, 6, 12 magnetic stations or using 1 h, 2.5 min 1 min averages. A brief review of the current understanding of Dst has been included to support the discussions. The analysis performed has shown that a more refined Dst index (time and number of stations>4) would be useful to investigate the intrinsic processes and the different current systems involved in the ring current development during magnetic storms; the standard Dst, as it is conceived, is quite adequate to monitor geomagnetic storms and identify their overall features; concerning the magnetic stations normally considered, the inclusion of higher magnetic latitude stations (>35^{8.gif" alt="ring operator" title="ring operator" border="0">}) may underestimate the observed Dst.     

鲁西南8-9月份阴雨日数与前期大气环流关系

对鲁西南1979-2008年8-9月份阴雨日数进行统计分析,发现8-9月份阴雨日数总体呈上升趋势;与前期北半球500hPa月平均高度场进行相关分析,结果表明：8-9月份阴雨日数与北半球500hPa平均高度场存在显著的滞后相关性,共得出45个优势相关区,相关区具有明显的区域性,大多数优势相关区出现在60篘以南地区。阴雨日数与前期极涡位置及强弱有很好的对应关系。从优势相关区提取的预报因子具有明显的季节性,上一年秋冬季预报因子占6/9;建立预报方程,试用效果较好。     

集成Landsat OLI和机载LiDAR条带数据的亚热带森林生物量制图

以亚热带天然次生林为研究对象,借助一个条带的少量LiDAR点云数据和覆盖整个研究区的免费Landsat OLI多光谱数据,并结合地面实测数据,探索森林生物量低成本高精度制图方法。首先,提取了OLI和LiDAR特征变量,并与地上和地下生物量进行相关分析以筛选变量;然后,借助LiDAR数据覆盖区的样地和条带LiDAR数据构建"LiDAR生物量模型";再从LiDAR反演生物量的结果中进行采样,结合OLI特征变量构建"LiDAR-OLI模型";最后,与单独使用OLI多光谱数据建立的"OLI估算模型"结果进行比较,分析精度并验证新方法的效果。结果表明,"LiDAR-OLI模型"对地上和地下生物量的模型拟合效果较好且均优于"OLI模型",且其交叉验证的精度也较高并优于"OLI模型",从而证明了新方法的可靠性及有效性。本研究为主、被动遥感技术在中小尺度上协同反演森林参数提供了实验基础,也为基于全覆盖免费OLI多光谱数据及条带LiDAR数据的低成本森林生物量制图探索了技术路线。     

油砂的光谱反射特征及其遥感应用

油砂作为21世纪以来世界能源的重要组成部分,已经有大量的地质工作者对其形成的地质特征、成矿带分布特征等进行了详细研究,并取得一定成果,但是对于遥感在油砂勘探中的应用少有研究。遥感技术识别不同地物的理论基础是同一波长位置处的反射率差异及反射率随波长的变化规律,因此本文通过分析油砂的实测光谱数据,得到其反射光谱的特征及规律。为实现在Landsat 8OLI卫星遥感影像上对油砂的识别,根据油砂实测光谱的研究,分别提出基于油砂光谱特征和相关性分析的Landsat 8遥感影像油砂识别模式,并将其应用在柴达木盆地冷湖和马海两个研究区。结果表明:利用遥感影像进行油砂找矿靶区圈定是可行的;本文总结出的基于相关性分析的油砂提取模式优于光谱特征分析模式;冷湖地区用比值方法进行油砂遥感信息增强效果较好,马海地区则差值方法较好。     

用辐射传输方程改进算法反演LandSAT8海表温度的效果检验和适用条件分析

为检验辐射传输方程改进算法推广用于反演LandSAT8 海表温度(SST)的可行性及适用条件,本研究在修订算法部分参数的基础上,分别反演出算法改进前后的LandSAT8 SST并进行比较。MODIS SST验证表明改进算法对大气透过率偏差和SST偏差均有明显改善,除2019-08-21图像外,其他3景图像SST偏差在0.5℃左右;浮标SST验证表明改进算法在近岸海域对SST偏差改善效果同样显著,其平均偏差bias和均方根误差rmse分别减少到0.14、0.18℃,基本可以忽略不计;进一步研究发现,改进算法SST反演精度与研究海域大气透过率分布均匀程度呈显著的正相关关系,R²[bias(SST)]=0.920 7,R²[rmse(SST)]=0.934 0。使用改进算法遥感监测电厂温排水：嵩屿电厂表层海水温升羽流不明显;而后石电厂表层温升现象最显著,温升幅度和扩散影响范围最大,在其排水口附近存在稳定的高温水体(温升＞3℃);晋江电厂表层温升羽流呈扇形分布,流轴短,主要集中在排水口附近。     

综合多特征的Landsat 8时序遥感图像棉花分类方法

传统的多时相遥感图像分类大多拘泥于单一特征,本文基于多时相的Landsat 8遥感数据,开展了综合多特征的特征提取与特征选择方法研究。综合了NDVI时间序列、最佳时相反射率光谱特征以及纹理特征作为初始分类特征,并采用基于属性重要度的粗糙集特征选择算法对其进行特征约简。分类结果表明:(1)利用初始分类特征,分类的总体精度达到92.81%,棉花提取精度达87.4%,与仅利用NDVI时间序列相比,精度分别提高5.53%和5.05%;(2)利用粗糙集选择后的特征分类,分类总体精度可达93.66%,棉花分类精度达92.73%,与初始分类特征提取结果相比,棉花分类精度提高5.33%。基于属性重要度的粗糙集特征选择不仅提高了分类精度,同时有效降低了分类器的计算复杂度。     

知识引导的稀疏时间序列遥感数据拟合

在多云多雨的地区,光学遥感存在着获取无云数据困难的难题,这会导致时间序列应用中可用数据匮乏。因此,本文面向稀疏时间序列遥感数据,根据噪声造成遥感影像上归一化差分植被指数(NDVI)被低估的事实,提出了一种知识引导的拟合方法。首先,在遥感影像预处理的基础上,利用先验知识和时序差分法对噪声进行识别和剔除;然后,采用高斯二阶模型对原始数据进行拟合;最后,根据拟合残差更新权重,进行迭代拟合,重复上述过程直至获得稳定的结果。本文以Landsat 8 OLI作为数据源,对浙江省杭州地区的森林数据进行拟合,结果表明:在稀疏时间序列数据的情况下,本文方法与MODIS数据拟合结果的相关系数达到0.92,关键时点(如NDVI峰值点等)的时间误差在5 d;相比当前主流方法的0.88与8 d具有更高的精度。     

基于Landsat 8 OLI数据与面向对象分类的昆嵛山地区土地覆盖信息提取

利用2015年Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像和DEM作为分类数据源,结合野外调查数据,采用面向对象的分类方法对昆嵛山地区土地覆盖信息进行提取,并对分类结果进行精度评价与比较分析。研究表明：面向对象分类方法提取的各地类连续且边界清晰,分类效果与实际情况基本吻合。昆嵛山地区占主导地位的土地覆盖类型是针叶林,面积为1 546.81 km²。研究区土地覆盖分类的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为91.5%和0.88,其中针叶林、草地、水体和建设用地的生产者精度均达到87%以上。相对于监督分类方法,本研究提出的土地覆盖信息提取方法的总体分类精度和Kappa系数分别提高14.7%和0.17。基于面向对象的中分辨率遥感影像,能够获取较高精度的土地覆盖信息,为大范围土地覆盖分类研究提供方法参考。     

Episodic fluid flow as a trigger for Miocene‐Pliocene slope instability on the Utgard High,Norwegian Sea

Mass wasting is triggered on many continental slopes by a number of mechanisms, including seismic shaking, high sedimentation rates, the presence of weak geological units and gas hydrate dissociation. In this study, the morphology of a Late Miocene–Early Pliocene mass‐transport complex (MTC) on the Utgard High is unravelled and discussed in relation to possible trigger mechanisms. The approach used here includes 3D seismic interpretation and the analysis of variance attribute maps. The interpreted MTC is located on the crest and flanks of the Utgard High and is composed of three mass‐transport deposits with seismic characters varying from transparent and chaotic seismic facies at the base to slightly deformed layers composed of mounds and rafted blocks in the middle and chaotic to transparent reflections at the top. Lithologically, the MTC consists predominantly of claystone with high gamma ray and low density and resistivity values, demonstrating that the associated mounds represent remobilized ooze sediments. A vertical stack of six magmatic sills emplaced from 55.6 to 56.3 Ma into the Upper Cretaceous shales is interpreted at depths of 3,000–5,500 ms two‐way travel time (TWTT). In association with these magmatic sills are several hydrothermal vent complexes that interacted with the top MTC horizon, signifying that episodic and secondary fluid‐venting events might be the principal mechanism facilitating mass wasting in the study area. In addition, the remobilization of ooze sediments into mounds is hypothesized to be dependent on fluids and clayey layers. As a corollary of this work, the importance of relict and recurrent episodes of fluid flow in the V8;ring Basin and their influence on the geotechnical integrity of the overburden and later mass wasting is established.