冻土工程与环境研究的新进展——第八届国际冻土工程会议回顾

2009年10月在西安召开第八届国际冻土工程会议, 就冻土地区工程设计与建设、季节冻土区工程冻害防治、冻土物理力学特性、 模型发展及其应用、寒区气候、环境及冷生变化、多年冻土水文学、寒区水资源和土地应用等主要议题进行了广泛交流, 报告了近年来冻土工程与环境研究方面的一些新进展. 从冻土工程设计、施工和评价、普通冻土研究、冻土的物理力学性质、冻土模型发展及应用、 气候变化及冰冻圈环境等方面对该次会议交流的成果进行了总结. 与会研究者认为今后的研究一方面要加强理论研究、工程措施机理研究;另一方面要加强寒区环境对气候变化的响应及反馈、以及环境变化与冻土工程措施之间的相互作用研究.     

姬塬地区长8油层组浅水三角洲沉积特征

姬塬地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地中偏西部地区,晚三叠世主要受北东、北西及南部三个方向的物源控制。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、测井曲线等资料的综合分析,对研究区上三叠统长8油层组岩石类型、沉积构造、物源方向、古生物和沉积相特征进行了详细研究,发现长8沉积时期姬塬地区地形平缓,河流作用较弱,主要发育一套浅水三角洲沉积体系,其沉积作用和砂体展布受湖平面升、降和物源方向控制明显,对油气成藏有着重要的意义,表现为:①湖平面上升期,湖岸线快速向物源方向迁移,以发育长条状和鸟足状水上—水下分流河道砂体为主;②下降期以发育三角洲平原为主,来自不同物源方向的前缘砂体在研究区中部交汇;③湖平面上升期水下分流河道砂体呈席状发育以及岩性遮挡条件更好,因而比湖平面下降期发育的砂体更有利于形成岩性油藏。     

Rest‐frame UV to optical X‐shooter spectrum of the gravitationally lensed galaxy “the 8 o'clock arc”: Dissection of its physical properties

We present the rest‐frame UV to optical spectrum of the gravitationally lensed galaxy, the “8 o'clock arc” at z = 2.735, obtained with the X‐shooter spectrograph. This is one of the rare comprehensive study of a high‐redshift star‐forming galaxy, usually not feasible due to the faintness of these objects. The spectrum of the 8 o'clock arc is rich in stellar and interstellar absorption features and in nebular emission features. Their analysis allowed us to derive most of the physical properties characterizing the galaxy. From HST images, we reconstruct the morphology of the arc in the source plane and confirm that we resolve a clump in rotation around the main core of galaxy in our X‐shooter spectrum (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Enrichment of seismic ground motion databases using Karhunen–Loève expansion

Best estimate seismic analysis are generally based on time‐domain simulations of structural responses. The seismic load is then modeled by a stochastic process representing ground motion. For this purpose, the analyst can use recorded accelerograms or work with synthetically generated ones. The number of ground motion time‐histories available for a given scenario and site condition is limited and generally not sufficient for carrying out more advanced probabilistic structural response analysis. It is then necessary to have at our disposal methods that allow for generating synthetic accelerograms that realistically characterize earthquake ground motions. However, most of the methods proposed in literature for generating synthetic accelerograms do not accurately reproduce the natural variability of ground motion parameters (such as PGA, cumulative absolute velocity, and Arias intensity) observed for recorded time histories. In this paper, we introduce a new method for generating synthetic ground motion, based on Karhunen‐Loève decomposition and a non‐Gaussian stochastic model. The proposed method enables the structural analyst to simulate ground motion time histories featuring the properties mentioned above. To demonstrate its capability, we study the influence of the simulation method on different ground motion parameters and on soil response spectra. We finally compute fragility curves to illustrate the practical application of the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1597年10月6日ldquo;珲春-汪清深震区rdquo;Mge;8地震触发的湖震和火山喷发

探讨了1597年10月6日（明万历二十五年八月二十六日）地震的烈度特征,地震伴随的湖震和火山喷发,以及地震类型与规模．结果表明, 1597年10月6日地震为可能发生在ldquo;珲春——汪清深震区rdquo;的一次Mge;8深源地震;地震在中国东部地区产生了广泛的湖震,其多种形态可与1775年葡萄牙里斯本地震产生的湖震比拟;地震触发了望天鹅火山的一次中小规模爆发式喷发,其地点在中国吉林省长白县境内．      

汶川8．0级地震前兆异常对比研究

The contrast research results show that the number of items and stations with imminent, short and medium term precursor anomalies for the Wenchuan M_S 8. 0 earthquake is less than that of the Menglian earthquake. The number of anomalies and stations associated with the Wenchuan earthquake increased in the early stage of the short-term range,as opposed to the later period for the Menglian and Lijiang earthquakes. Most of the medium term anomalies occurred two to three years before the Wenchuan earthquake,when the number of anomaly stations and items was eleven,and a great change appeared in the observation values in about half of the stations ( items ) . However,for the Menglian earthquake,medium term anomalies happened one to two years before the earthquake, the number of abnormal stations and items reached 20,and a sharp change appeared in the observation values six months to one year before the earthquake in about 30 percent of the stations or items. In the epicenter and the nearby area,the macroscopic abnormalities started 3 years before the Wenchuan earthquake and lasted intermittently until 1 month before the earthquake. Within 2 percent of the total area of the province,the macroscopic abnormalities accounted for 30 to 50 percent of the total number of anomalies of the Province. For the Xingtai,Tangshan,Haicheng,Songpan earthquakes,the macroscopic anomalies started two to three months before,or on the very day of the earthquakes. The common feature of the precursors between the Wenchuan and other strong earthquakes is the appearance of tremendous changes in a certain number of observation values of anomalies in the mid and short terms before all these earthquakes.     

南北地震带强震主体活动区现象及未来趋势分析

通过分析我国南北地震带（以下简称南北带）有仪器记录以来发生的大震后,发现存在约10年主体大震活动区,并自北而南有4次转移图像;同时对汶川8级大震前后的震情活动进行分析,认为未来10年南北带北段及以西地区将进入活跃期,很有可能发生多次7级以上地震,但也可能南移;未来几年四川地区可能再次发生大震,甘肃东南部地区有可能发生6级以上地震。     

利用地震复发周期考察汶川8．0级地震前兆异常

通过对汶川Ms8．0地震复发周期的时间和空间进行扫描,发现地震发生前,在时间上和空间上,地震复发周期均出现低值异常。因此,对地震发生的时间和地区进行异常判断,地震复发周期是一个可以参考利用的指标。     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块延长组长8油层组砂岩储层特征

延长组长8 油层组是鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块的主力油层之一,岩性以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,为典型的 特低孔特低渗储层。储集空间以次生溶蚀粒间孔为主,喉道以缩颈型、片状和弯片状为主,孔喉结构发育3 种类型,以II 型为主。长8 砂岩储层特征主要受沉积作用、成岩作用、裂缝发育程度和油气充注4 个因素控制。最有利于储层发育的沉积 微相为水下分流河道,且中砂岩的储集物性好于细砂岩,富含石英、长石和变质岩岩屑的砂岩的储集物性好于火成岩岩屑、 沉积岩岩屑和云母含量高的砂岩。成岩作用对储集物性的影响具有双重性,建设性成岩作用包括溶解和孔隙衬里绿泥石胶 结作用2 种,两者均很发育的层段是油气储集的最有利地带;破坏性成岩作用主要包括机械压实作用和晚期亮晶方解石胶 结作用。裂缝以白垩纪末- 古近纪的构造裂缝为主,其使长8 储层渗透率急剧增大,储层非均值性增强。油气充注对储集 物性的影响主要表现为促进溶解作用的发生以及次生孔隙的形成和保存。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘泾河油田长7-长8古流向及 沉积相分析

对泾河油田三维地震前积反射、钻井取芯砂岩轻重矿物分离测试和砂体剖面结构对比,并结合前人研究结果认为,泾河油田长8-长7砂岩碎屑主要来自于西南部陇西古陆,部分来自于南部秦岭物源,不受北东物源影响。结合物源、岩芯特征和测井相分析结果认为,泾河油田整个长8₁自下而上是河流-三角洲-半深湖的水进沉积过程,发育3条北东向和1条南北向河道。长8₁2为滨浅湖相-三角洲-河流相沉积,发育（水下）分流河道砂岩;长8₁1储层为浅湖-半深湖背景中水进三角洲水下分流河道砂岩。长7₂为浊积砂岩储层,发育9个北东向浊积水道。