Simulation by CMIP5 models of the atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its climate impacts

This study focuses on the climatic impacts of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) as a mode of internal variability. Given the difficulties involved in excluding the effects of external forcing from internal variation, i.e., owing to the short record length of instrumental observations and historical simulations, we assess and compare the AMO and its related climatic impacts both in observations and in the “Pre-industrial” experiments of models participating in CMIP5. First, we evaluate the skill of the 25 CMIP5 models’ “Historical” simulations in simulating the observational AMO, and find there is generally a considerable range of skill among them in this regard. Six of the models with higher skill relative to the other models are selected to investigate the AMO-related climate impacts, and it is found that their “Pre-industrial” simulations capture the essential features of the AMO. A positive AMO favors warmer surface temperature around the North Atlantic, and the Atlantic ITCZ shifts northward leading to more rainfall in the Sahel and less rainfall in Brazil. Furthermore, the results confirm the existence of a teleconnection between the AMO and East Asian surface temperature, as well as the late withdrawal of the Indian summer monsoon, during positive AMO phases. These connections could be mainly caused by internal climate variability. Opposite patterns are true for the negative phase of the AMO.     

基于CMIP5模式安徽省植被净初级生产力预估

利用耦合模式比较计划第5阶段（CMIP5）中5个全球气候模式3种典型浓度路径（RCPs）预估结果,基于植被净初级生产力模型,估算安徽省21世纪近期（2018—2030年)、中期（2031—2050年）和远期（2051—2099年）植被净初级生产力及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：对不同模式在安徽省模拟能力的评估可知,气温以多模式集合模拟效果优于单个模式,MIROC-ESM-CHEM对降水的模拟能力较好。未来安徽省将持续变暖,北部变暖幅度高于南部,其中RCP8.5情景下变暖趋势更显著;全省降水量将增加,南部增加多于北部。随着气候趋于暖湿化,植被净初级生产力总体增加;与基准年相比,21世纪近期增加不明显,中后期显著增加,空间上南部增加总体高于北部。从气候变化响应来看,安徽省植被净初级生产力与降水量和平均气温均显著相关,并且对降水量的响应程度更高。     

北京上海近20 a城市化过程中 土地利用变化异同点探析

城市化进程下土地利用格局变化以及驱动力分析是当前国内学者研究的热点。本文利用C5决策树分类方法分别提取北京、上海1990s以来的三期遥感影像分类图,揭示两市城市用地格局变化的空间规律及其异同点。结果表明：过去的20 a来北京地区以北京市辖区为中心呈现低密度式蔓延扩张;上海城市用地呈“单中心、多卫星城”同时扩张,并且东部沿江地区发展速度较快。将研究区按扩张程度分为：高度扩张区、中度扩张区、低度扩张区。从空间上看,上海城市用地扩张比北京明显,在扩张的过程中占用了大量耕地,上海地区尤为明显。同时,人口增长、产业结构调整等是城市化进程中土地利用变化的主要驱动力因子,需要将来更多的相关研究。     

The role of local heat sources in synoptic activity within the polar basin

Abstract

A quasi‐geostrophic model of the atmosphere is used to determine the significance of the surface enthalpy flux in synoptic activity within the Polar Basin. Of primary interest is whether the enthalpy flux from open water in the seasonal sea‐ice zone is the predominant contributing mechanism or whether the advective fields of vorticity and thickness are controlling factors. This is of importance in discussions of the feedback processes between the atmosphere, cryosphere and ocean.

For a case selected in the Laptev Sea near the end of the fall period of ice growth, the surface enthalpy flux is as significant a contribution to synoptic activity as the vorticity advection is. The enthalpy flux is a relatively insignificant factor at this time in the Beaufort Sea, however, because of the smaller area of open water and the lower wind speeds associated with the weaker synoptic systems in this region. It is also relatively insignificant at both locations at the beginning of the fall freeze‐up interval and in June, during the melt period.     

城市化进程对北京区域气象场的影响模拟

城市化所导致的下垫面的改变会直接影响局地气象。根据北京城市测绘院提供的北京市楼房建筑平均高度资料,利用中尺度数值模式(MM5V3)模拟了城市化进程引起的气象效应,并与奥林匹克公园站等6个地面观测资料进行了比较。结果表明:MM5V3可以很好地模拟下垫面类型改变导致的气象效应,城市升温效果获得了较好的体现,风速模拟值减小,风向的模拟得到较明显的改善,气压和风速的统计偏差也明显减小。分析结果还揭示了稳定天气条件下北京地区气象场的模拟及实时预报必须考虑精细化的地形及下垫面状况。     

The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land system model, Spectral Version 2: FGOALS-s2

The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2) was used to simulate realistic climates and to study anthropogenic influences on climate change. Specifically, the FGOALS-s2 was integrated with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to conduct coordinated experiments that will provide valuable scientific information to climate research communities. The performances of FGOALS-s2 were assessed in simulating major climate phenomena, and documented both the strengths and weaknesses of the model. The results indicate that FGOALS-s2 successfully overcomes climate drift, and realistically models global and regional climate characteristics, including SST, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation. In particular, the model accurately captures annual and semi-annual SST cycles in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and the main characteristic features of the Asian summer monsoon, which include a low-level southwestern jet and five monsoon rainfall centers. The simulated climate variability was further examined in terms of teleconnections, leading modes of global SST (namely, ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillations (PDO), and changes in 19th–20th century climate. The analysis demonstrates that FGOALS-s2 realistically simulates extra-tropical teleconnection patterns of large-scale climate, and irregular ENSO periods. The model gives fairly reasonable reconstructions of spatial patterns of PDO and global monsoon changes in the 20th century. However, because the indirect effects of aerosols are not included in the model, the simulated global temperature change during the period 1850–2005 is greater than the observed warming, by 0.6°C. Some other shortcomings of the model are also noted.     

PREDICTION AND UNCERTAINTY OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA DURING 21ST CENTURY UNDER RCPS

Based on integrated simulations of 26 global climate models provided by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP), this study predicts changes in temperature and precipitation across China in the 21 st century under different representative concentration pathways(RCPs), and analyzes uncertainties of the predictions using Taylor diagrams. Results show that increases of average annual temperature in China using three RCPs(RCP2.6, RCP4.5,RCP8.5) are 1.87 ℃, 2.88 ℃ and 5.51 ℃, respectively. Increases in average annual precipitation are 0.124, 0.214, and 0.323 mm/day, respectively. The increased temperature and precipitation in the 21 st century are mainly contributed by the Tibetan Plateau and Northeast China. Uncertainty analysis shows that most CMIP5 models could predict temperature well, but had a relatively large deviation in predicting precipitation in China in the 21 st century. Deviation analysis shows that more than 80% of the area of China had stronger signals than noise for temperature prediction;however, the area proportion that had meaningful signals for precipitation prediction was less than 20%. Thus, the multi-model ensemble was more reliable in predicting temperature than precipitation because of large uncertainties of precipitation.     

ENSO Frequency Asymmetry and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in Observations and 19 CMIP5 Models

Using observational data and the pre-industrial simulations of 19 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5), the El Ni o(EN) and La Ni a(LN) events in positive and negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO) phases are examined. In the observational data, with EN(LN) events the positive(negative) SST anomaly in the equatorial eastern Pacific is much stronger in positive(negative) PDO phases than in negative(positive) phases. Meanwhile,the models cannot reasonably reproduce this difference. Besides, the modulation of ENSO frequency asymmetry by the PDO is explored. Results show that, in the observational data, EN is 300% more(58% less) frequent than LN in positive(negative)PDO phases, which is significant at the 99% confidence level using the Monte Carlo test. Most of the CMIP5 models exhibit results that are consistent with the observational data.     

Kinetics and Products of the Gas-Phase Reaction of OH Radicals with 5-Hydroxy-2-Pentanone at 296± 2 K

The 1,4-hydroxycarbonyl 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone is an important product of the gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with n-pentane in the presence of NO. We have used a relative rate method with 4-methyl-2-pentanone as the reference compound to measure the rate constant for the reaction of OH radicals with 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone at 296 ± 2 K. The carbonyls were sampled by on-fiber derivatization using a Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) fiber coated with O> -(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride with subsequent thermal desorption of the oxime derivatives and quantification by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. For comparison, the reference compound was also analyzed following sample collection onto a Tenax adsorbent cartridge. Products of the reaction were investigated using coated-fiber SPME sampling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis as well as by using in situ atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. A rate constant for the reaction of OH radicals with 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone of (1.6 ± 0.4) × 10^–11 cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1 was obtained at 296 ± 2 K. Two dicarbonyl products, of molecular weight 86 and 100, were observed and are attributed to CH₃C(O)CH₂CHO and CH₃C(O)CH₂CH₂CHO, respectively. Reaction schemes leading to these products are presented.     

Revealing the effects of the El Niño-southern oscillation on tropical cyclone intensity over the western north pacific from a model sensitivity study

Five sets of model sensitivity experiments are conducted to investigate the influence of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis location and atmospheric circulation on interannual variability of TC intensity in the western North Pacific (WNP). In each experiment, bogus TCs are placed at different initial locations, and simulations are conducted with identical initial and boundary conditions. In the first three experiments, the specified atmospheric and SST conditions represent the mean conditions of El Nio, La Nia, and neutral years. The other two experiments are conducted with the specified atmospheric conditions of El Nio and La Nia years but with SSTs exchanged. The model results suggest that TCs generated in the southeastern WNP incurred more favorable environmental conditions for development than TCs generated elsewhere. The different TC intensities between El Nio and La Nia years are caused by difference in TC genesis location and low-level vorticity (VOR). VOR plays a significant role in the intensities of TCs with the same genesis locations between El Nio and La Nia years.