北祁连东段红土堡基性火山岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学及其地质意义

为精确限定红土堡基性火山岩的形成时代,结合阴极发光分析,分别对北祁连东段红土堡枕状玄武岩和辉绿岩墙进行了LA - ICP - MS 单颗粒锆石微区U - Pb 同位素测年。红土堡枕状玄武岩获得（443.4 ±1.7 ）Ma 和（1 782 ±34 ）Ma 两组年龄值;同时,获得红土堡基性火山岩中辉绿岩墙的年龄为（385.7 ±7.9 ）Ma,并含有（1 697 ±6 ） ～（2 692 ±4 ）Ma 的捕晶锆石年龄信息。认为红土堡基性火山岩的形成时代为晚奥陶世,与其北的陈家河中酸性火山岩的形成时代大体一致,推断红土堡基性火山岩的原始岩浆不同程度遭受了陇山岩群的混染。这一新资料,对进一步研究北祁连造山带东段大地构造格局、构造演化以及北秦岭—北祁连衔接关系具有重要意义。     

Hydrothermal Alteration Related to Silver Mineralization at the Iwami Silver Deposit,Shimane Prefecture,Japan

The Iwami epithermal silver deposit consists of Ag-Cu veins in a dacitic intrusive body at the deep portion of the Eikyu area, and veinlets with disseminated Ag mineralization in dacitic tuff breccia at a shallow portion of the Fukuishi area. Hydrothermal alteration associated with the silver mineralization is characterized by intense potassium metasomatism with oxidizing conditions. An illite zone occurs around the pathways of uprising fluids in both the Eikyu and Fukuishi areas. It grades laterally into the illite/smectite zone, which is surrounded by a broad smectite zone. Because of boiling, abundant adularia associated with silver mineralization overlaps on the altered tuff breccia in the Fukuishi area. The alteration zoning suggests that the western Eikyu area and the eastern Fukuishi area belong to a single hydrothermal system. The data of fluid inclusion microthermometry indicate that the temperatures range 220–270°C, and salinities range 5–7 wt percent NaCl equivalent for the silver mineralization at the upper portion in the Eikyu area and the lower portion in the Fukuishi area. Radiometric ages for volcanic rocks in the area range from 2.19 to 1.64 Ma, and the dacitic intrusion formed at approximately 1.6 Ma. The silver-dominant mineralizing hydrothermal fluids system was active around 1.44 to 1.07 Ma, which formed the Eikyu Ag-Cu veins at depth, and the Fukuishi Ag ores at the shallower portion.     

Exploring uncertainty in remotely sensed data with parallel coordinate plots

The existence of uncertainty in classified remotely sensed data necessitates the application of enhanced techniques for identifying and visualizing the various degrees of uncertainty. This paper, therefore, applies the multidimensional graphical data analysis technique of parallel coordinate plots (PCP) to visualize the uncertainty in Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data classified by the Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM). The Landsat TM data are from the Yellow River Delta, Shandong Province, China. Image classification with MLC and FCM provides the probability vector and fuzzy membership vector of each pixel. Based on these vectors, the Shannon's entropy (S.E.) of each pixel is calculated. PCPs are then produced for each classification output. The PCP axes denote the posterior probability vector and fuzzy membership vector and two additional axes represent S.E. and the associated degree of uncertainty. The PCPs highlight the distribution of probability values of different land cover types for each pixel, and also reflect the status of pixels with different degrees of uncertainty. Brushing functionality is then added to PCP visualization in order to highlight selected pixels of interest. This not only reduces the visualization uncertainty, but also provides invaluable information on the positional and spectral characteristics of targeted pixels.     

胶东乳山金矿蚀变岩中绢云母40Ar/39Ar年龄及其对金成矿事件的制约

胶东乳山金矿是我国单脉金储量最大的矿床,金的成矿具有多期多阶段的特点。为了研究早期矿化的时代,利用绢云母40Ar/39Ar法测定了乳山金矿含矿脉体旁围岩蚀变带中的绢英岩年龄。结果表明,围岩花岗岩的强烈绢英岩化蚀变年龄为129 Ma,比金发生大规模沉淀的成矿时间早约10 Ma,表明乳山金矿是多期热液成矿事件的产物,但这一事件也发生于120±10 Ma,从而证明乳山金矿与胶东其他地区金矿一样都是在中生代构造机制转折、岩石圈强烈减薄的构造背景下集中成矿的,这为进一步认识乳山金矿的成因机制和成矿动力学背景提供了新的证据。     

四川盆地侏罗系大安寨段湖相含云质储层成因研究

四川盆地侏罗系大安寨段是典型的致密油发育层段,勘探开发成果揭示,大安寨储层岩性主要为介壳灰岩致密储层。侏罗系大安寨段致密油勘探开发成效引人关注,特别是近期川中南部侏罗系大安寨段滨浅湖相的GSTMX地区,大安寨段显示频繁,部署的GQ1H在大安寨段获得高产工业油流。根据对最新钻探的GQ1H井解剖表明,含云质岩具有更好的储集条件和含油气性,是储层"甜点"有利分布岩性。通过老井复查、岩心、岩屑、薄片、测井等综合分析表明,含云质储层岩性包括云质灰岩、灰质云岩和泥-粉晶云岩,储集空间主要为粒间、粒间溶孔和微裂缝,储层储集条件好,成像显示溶蚀孔洞发育,川中南部云化程度高于北部。根据碳氧同位素、X衍射、地层水特征以及古地形综合分析初步认为,四川盆地大安寨沉积时期虽然为淡水湖泊,但在古地形、古气候、沉积环境以及湖平面变化共同控制下,局部地区仍然发育一定规模的含云质储层,该认识为川中侏罗系大安寨段相对优质储层深化认识奠定了坚实的地质基础。     

河北张－宣金矿区含金石英脉40Ar/39Ar年龄

为解决张-宣地区含金石英脉形成的时代,对区内5个典型金矿脉测定了⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年龄,分别为:1362.0±24.8Ma,963.7±22.3Ma,579.6±8.5Ma,570.8±24.2Ma,167.9±1.2Ma.谱线特征均为马鞍形,最低视年龄为石英的结晶年龄。依次相当于晋宁运动中期,晋宁运动晚期,蓟县运动晚期和燕山运动中期。     

Permo-Carboniferous Radiolarians from the Wupata＇erkan Group, Western South Tianshan, Xinjiang, China

The Wupata‘erkan Group, also called Wupata‘erkan Formation, distributed in the South Tianshan, Xinjiang,China, mainly consists of gray and dark gray fine-grained clastic rocks, interlayered with volcanic rocks, carbonates and cherts. Some ultra-basic rocks (blocks) punctuate the formation. The formation was variously assigned to Silurian-Middle Devonian, Silurian-Lower Devonian, and pre-Devonian, mainly based on Atrypa bodini Mansuy, Hypothyridina parallelepipedia (Brour.) and Prismatophyllum hexagonum Yoh collected from the limestone interlayers, respectively.However, radiolarian fossils obtained from 24 chert specimens of the Wupata‘erkan Group, mainly include Albaillella sp.cf. A. undulata Deflandre, Albaillella sp. cf. A. paradoxa Deflandre, Albaillella cf. A. deflandrei Gourmelon, Albaillella sp. cf. A. indensis Won, Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa Ishiga, Kito and Imoto, Albaillella sp. and Latentifistulidae gen. et. sp.indet., are earliest Carboniferous and Late Permian. The earliest Carboniferous assemblage is characterized by Albaillella sp. cf. A. undulata Deflandre, Albaillella sp. cf. A. paradoxa Deflandre, Albaillella cf. A. deflandrei Gourmelon and Albaillella sp. cf. A. indensis Won, and the Late Permian assemblage by Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa Ishiga, Kito and Imoto. This new stratigraphic evidence indicates that the Wupata‘erkan Group is possibly composed of rocks with different ages from Silurian to Permian, and therefore, it is probably an ophiolite mrlange. The discovery of Late Permian Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa provides more reliable evidence supporting the existence of a Permian relic ancient oceanic basin in the western part of Xinjiang South Tianshan.     

古/中元古代界线:1.8Ga

年代地层表是我们描述地球历史演化的时间框架,也隐含着我们对地球演化过程的基本认识,承载着一系列核心科学问题。现有的国际前寒武纪地质年表存在不少问题,还没有被普遍接受的新方案。在现行国际地层年表(IUGS 1989—2004)中,20～18亿年被称为造山纪,18～16亿年被称为固结纪,16～14亿年被称为盖层纪,也即:造山运动结束到盖层发育之间的过渡时期为固结纪,而将盖层的广泛发育作为中元古代的开始。在我国,由于"吕梁运动"是华北克拉通结晶基底最终形成的标志性构造-热事件,此后发育以长城系-蓟县系-青白口系为代表的地台型沉积盖层,因此我国地质界一直以长城系的底界代表中元古代的开始,并根据"吕梁运动"结束时间,将古/中元古代的时间界线置于18亿年。2012年国际地层委员会提出了一份全新的全球前寒武纪地质年代表划分建议方案,其中2060～1780Ma阶段被称为古元古代哥伦比亚纪,主要以Columbia超大陆的聚合为特征;而之后17. 8～8. 5亿年的近10亿年间,则被定义为罗迪尼亚纪,代表了从Columbia超大陆裂解到Rodinia超大陆聚合的漫长阶段。即这一新建议方案的古/中元古代界线为17. 8亿年,与我国学者长期以来所坚持的古/中元古代分界是基本一致的。在华北克拉通,"吕梁运动"的结束时间在～18亿年,此后整体处于多期裂解的陆内伸展环境,长城系-蓟县系基本上属于连续的陆表海沉积。近年来的研究表明,燕山地区长城系的底界年龄约为17亿年,长城系与蓟县系的分界则为16亿年。如果一味按照现行国际地层划分方案,其古/中元古代的界线(16亿年)将对应于长城系-蓟县系的分界,华北克拉通这套盖层型沉积将被人为分割为两部分,这显然是很不合理的。值得注意的是,在华北克拉通中部吕梁地区发育的小两岭组火山岩和在其南部地区发育的、也是世界范围内同时期最大规模的火山活动——熊耳群火山-沉积岩系,是华北克拉通结晶基底之上最早发育的盖层沉积,其起始形成时间约为18亿年。这与新建议的古/中元古代分界非常接近。从全球地质演化来看,从18到16亿年,造山作用结束,Columbia超大陆开始裂解,岩浆作用方式和岩浆岩组合类型及其地球化学特征发生明显改变,如斜长岩、环斑花岗岩在世界主要克拉通均有发育。与此同时,稳定沉积盖层开始广泛发育,条带状铁建造(BIF)消失,代之以鲕状或粒状矿物集合体组成的浅海富铁沉积,另外海相硫化物沉积、有核原生生物等也首次出现。所有这些都标志着,在此前后,地球岩石圈、水圈和大气圈均发生了重大转折,生物圈也进入新的演化阶段,标志着地球进入"中年期"演化阶段。虽然地球演化发生重要转折的根本原因和细节还有待进一步深入探讨,但这一转变的起点或最重要的时间点,无疑就在18亿年前后,因此,本文认为,应将其作为全球古/中元古代的时间界线。     

Accretion and exhumation at a Variscan active margin, recorded in the Saxothuringian flysch

The Saxothuringian flysch basin, on the north flank of the Central European Variscides, was fed and eventually overthrust by the northwestern, active margin of the Tepla-Barrandian terrane. Clast spectra, mineral composition and isotopic ages of detrital mica and zircon have been analyzed in order to constrain accretion and exhumation of rocks in the orogenic wedge. The earliest clastic sediments preserved are of early Famennian age (ca. 370?Ma). They are exposed immediately to the NW of the suture, and belong to the par-autochthon of the foreland. Besides ultramafic (?ophiolite) material, these rocks contain clasts derived from Early Paleozoic continental slope sediments, originally deposited at the NW margin of the Saxothuringian basin. These findings, together with the paleogeographic position of the Famennian clastics debris on the northwestern passive margin, indicate that the Saxothuringian narrow ocean had been closed by that time. Microprobe analyses of detrital hornblendes suggest derivation from the “Randamphibolit” unit, now present in the middle part of the Saxothuringian allochthon (Münchberg nappes). Detrital zircons of metamorphic rocks formed a little earlier (ca. 380?Ma) indicate rapid recycling at the tectonic front. The middle part of the flysch sequence (ca. early to middle Viséan), both in the par-autochthon and in the allochthon, contains abundant clasts of Paleozoic rocks derived from the northwestern slope and rise, together with debris of Cadomian basement, 500-Ma granitoids and 380?Ma (early Variscan) crystalline rocks. All of these source rocks were still available in the youngest part of the flysch (c. middle to late Viséan), but some clasts record, in addition, accretion of the northwestern shelf. Our findings permit deduction of minimum rates of tectonic shortening well in excess of 10–30?mm per year, and rates of exhumation of ca. 3?mm/a, and possibly more.     

胶东招掖地区滦家河花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学及其地质意义

滦家河花岗岩体是胶东金矿区内的重要岩体,其岩性主要为中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩。锆石LA—ICP—MS U—Pb年代学研究表明,滦家河花岗岩形成于149±2 Ma,属晚侏罗世。滦家河花岗岩Si O2的含量为64.58%~72.05%,相对较高;A/CNK值为0.98~1.22。微量元素特征显示,滦家河花岗岩富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Ba、K,强烈亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、Ti、P;稀土元素特征显示轻稀土强烈富集,重稀土极度亏损,轻微正铕异常。岩石的Nb/La和Nd/Th比值显示壳源花岗岩的特征,Rb/Sr比值暗示可能有部分幔源物质混入。结合区域地质分析认为,侏罗纪开始,太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲引发大规模幔源岩浆底侵,导致地壳物质部分熔融形成滦家河花岗岩。