祁连东部西格拉高Sr/Y型花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及其地球化学特征

西格拉花岗岩体位于祁连东部的米屈花岗岩带上,空间上呈NW-NWW向展布,岩体由花岗闪长岩-花岗岩-正长岩组成,主要岩性为花岗闪长岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,西格拉花岗闪长岩存在两期岩浆作用,年龄分别为465.6±6.5Ma、443.2±4.8Ma,其中,前者与祁连洋俯冲极性发生转变的时限(~463Ma)相近,而后者与祁连洋闭合的时间(~445Ma)相似。早期淡色花岗闪长岩具正铕异常(δEu=2.44),晚期暗色花岗闪长岩则为弱负/正铕异常(δEu=0.94~1.32),两者均显示出高Si、Al,富Na贫K,富集Ba、Sr、LREE,高Sr/Y值,低Y、HREE含量,亏损HFSE(Nb、Ta、Ti、P)的特征,与Martin et al.(2005)划分的高硅埃达克岩(HSA)相似。其源区可能均残留石榴子石、普通角闪石及少量金红石,而斜长石则大量参与部分熔融过程,推测早期花岗闪长岩的源区深度可能超过50km;整体上,由早期→晚期反映出加厚地壳减薄、地幔组分贡献增强的趋势;两者可能均为加厚下地壳物质部分熔融的产物。     

南岭西段加里东期苗儿山岩体锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其构造意义

苗儿山岩体位于南岭西段,主体为加里东期花岗岩,少量印支期和早燕山期花岗岩。加里东期花岗岩具块状构造,由早期黑云母花岗闪长岩、中期斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和晚期细粒黑(二)云母二长花岗岩组成,以斑状黑云母二长花岗岩为主。对中期斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和晚期细粒二云母二长花岗岩各进行了1个样品的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测试,分别得到428.5±3.8 Ma、409±4 Ma的年龄值,反映出早志留世末、志留纪末-泥盆纪初2期岩浆事件。中期主体花岗岩具有富硅(SiO2=70.09%~76.59%)、中铝(Al2O3=12.71%~14.72%)、高钾(K2O=4.48%~5.73%)、中碱(Na2O+K2O=7.24%~7.91%)、高ASI(平均1.15)的特点,总体属高钾钙碱性系列过铝质花岗岩类。主体花岗岩微量元素中Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti表现为明显亏损,Rb、(Th+U+K)、(La+Ce)、Nd、(Zr+Hf+Sm)、(Y+Yb+Lu)等则相对富集,稀土总量中等(179.8×10-6~270.6×10-6),轻稀土富集[(La/Yb)N=5.07~14.33],具明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.15~0.46)。岩体具有较高的ISr值(0.70660~0.72082)和较低的εNd(t)值(-8.29~-7.94),两阶段Nd模式年龄(t2DM)为1.81~1.84 Ga。C/MF-A/MF图解显示源岩为变质泥质岩和碎屑岩。上述地球化学特征表明花岗岩为S型花岗岩,源岩主要为中、上地壳岩石。花岗岩氧化物和微量元素构造环境判别图解指示岩体形成于后碰撞构造环境。基于岩石成因、构造环境判别以及区域构造演化过程,推断加里东期苗儿山花岗岩的具体形成机制为:在陆内强挤压之后挤压应力相对松弛、压力降低的后碰撞构造环境下,因地壳增厚而升温的中、上地壳岩石减压熔融并向上侵位。结合区域资料分析,苗儿山地区在奥陶纪末-志留纪初北流运动和志留纪后期的广西运动中均产生过强烈的陆内挤压和地壳增厚。     

Early Permian–Late Triassic Magmatism in the Tuotuohe Region of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: Constraints on the Tectonic evolution of the Western Segment of the Jinshajiang Suture

In this paper we present new zircon U–Pb ages, whole-rock major and trace element analyses, and zircon Hf isotopic data for magmatic rocks in the Tuotuohe region of the western segment of the Jinshajiang suture. Our aim is to constrain the Early Permian–Late Triassic tectonic evolution of the region. Zircons from the magmatic rocks of the Tuotuohe region are euhedral–subhedral in shape and display fine-scale oscillatory zoning as well as high Th/U ratios(0.4–4.6), indicating a magmatic origin. The zircon U–Pb ages obtained using LA–ICP–MS are 281 ± 1 Ma, 258 ± 1 Ma, 244 ± 1 Ma, and 216 ± 1 Ma, which indicate magmatism in the Early Permian–Late Triassic. A diorite from Bashihubei(BSHN) has SiO2 = 57.18–59.97 wt%, Al2O3 = 15.70–16.53 wt%, and total alkalis(Na2O + K2O) = 4.46–6.34 wt%, typical of calc-alkaline and metaluminous series. A gabbro from Bashibadaoban(BSBDB) belongs to the alkaline series, and is poor in SiO2(45.46–54.03 wt%) but rich in Al2O3(16.19–17.39 wt%) and total alkalis(Na2O + K2O = 5.48–6.26 wt%). The BSHN diorite and the BSBDB gabbro both display an enrichment of LREEs and LILEs and depletion of HFSEs, and they have no obvious Eu anomaly; they have relatively low MgO contents(2.54–4.93 wt%), Mg# values of 43 to 52, and low Cr and Ni contents(8.07–33.6 ppm and 4.41–14.2 ppm, respectively), indicating they differentiated from primitive mantle magmas. They have low Nb/U, Ta/U, and Ce/Pb ratios(1.3–9.6, 0.2–0.8, and 0.1–18.1, respectively), and their initial Hf isotopic ratios range from +9.6 to +16.9(BSHN diorite) and +6.5 to +12.6(BSBDB gabbro), suggesting their primary magmas were derived mainly from the partial melting of a mantle wedge that had been metasomatized by subduction fluids. Taking all the new data together, we conclude that the western and eastern segment of the Jinshajiang suture regions underwent identical processes of evolution in the Early Permian–Late Triassic: oceanic crust subduction before the Early Permian, continental collision during the Early–Middle Triassic, and post-collisional extension from the Late Triassic.     

Efficient block preconditioners for the coupled equations of pressure and deformation in highly discontinuous media

Large‐scale simulations of flow in deformable porous media require efficient iterative methods for solving the involved systems of linear algebraic equations. Construction of efficient iterative methods is particularly challenging in problems with large jumps in material properties, which is often the case in geological applications, such as basin evolution at regional scales. The success of iterative methods for this type of problems depends strongly on finding effective preconditioners. This paper investigates how the block‐structured matrix system arising from single‐phase flow in elastic porous media should be preconditioned, in particular for highly discontinuous permeability and significant jumps in elastic properties. The most promising preconditioner combines algebraic multigrid with a Schur complement‐based exact block decomposition. The paper compares numerous block preconditioners with the aim of providing guidelines on how to formulate efficient preconditioners. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal distribution of near‐surface and root zone soil moisture at the catchment scale

Soil moisture is highly variable both spatially and temporally. It is widely recognized that improving the knowledge and understanding of soil moisture and the processes underpinning its spatial and temporal distribution is critical. This paper addresses the relationship between near‐surface and root zone soil moisture, the way in which they vary spatially and temporally, and the effect of sampling design for determining catchment scale soil moisture dynamics. In this study, catchment scale near‐surface (0–50 mm) and root zone (0–300 mm) soil moisture were monitored over a four‐week period. Measurements of near‐surface soil moisture were recorded at various resolutions, and near‐surface and root zone soil moisture data were also monitored continuously within a network of recording sensors. Catchment average near‐surface soil moisture derived from detailed spatial measurements and continuous observations at fixed points were found to be significantly correlated (r² = 0·96; P = 0·0063; n = 4). Root zone soil moisture was also found to be highly correlated with catchment average near‐surface, continuously monitored (r² = 0·81; P < 0·0001; n = 26) and with detailed spatial measurements of near‐surface soil moisture (r² = 0·84). The weaker relationship observed between near‐surface and root zone soil moisture is considered to be caused by the different responses to rainfall and the different factors controlling soil moisture for the soil depths of 0–50 mm and 0–300 mm. Aspect is considered to be the main factor influencing the spatial and temporal distribution of near‐surface soil moisture, while topography and soil type are considered important for root zone soil moisture. The ability of a limited number of monitoring stations to provide accurate estimates of catchment scale average soil moisture for both near‐surface and root zone is thus demonstrated, as opposed to high resolution spatial measurements. Similarly, the use of near‐surface soil moisture measurements to obtain a reliable estimate of deeper soil moisture levels at the small catchment scale was demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

European precipitation connections with large-scale mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) fields

Abstract

To advance understanding of hydroclimatological processes, this paper links spatiotemporal variability in gridded European precipitation and large-scale mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) time series (1957–2002) using monthly concurrent correlation. Strong negative (positive) correlation near Iceland and (the Azores) is apparent for precipitation in northwest Europe, confirming a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) association. An opposing pattern is found for southwest Europe, and the Mediterranean in winter. In the lee of mountains, MSLP correlation is lower reflecting reduced influence of westerlies on precipitation generation. Importantly, European precipitation is shown to be controlled by physically interpretable climate patterns that change in extent and position from month to month. In spring, MSLP–precipitation correlation patterns move and shrink, reaching a minimum in summer, before expanding in the autumn, and forming an NAO-like dipole in winter. These space–time shifts in correlation regions explain why fixed-point NAO indices have limited ability to resolve precipitation for some European locations and seasons.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor A. Montanari

Citation Lavers, D., Prudhomme, C., and Hannah, D.M., 2013. European precipitation connections with large-scale mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) fields. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (2), 310–327.     

Effective block diagonal preconditioners for Biot's consolidation equations in piled‐raft foundations

The finite element (FE) simulation of large‐scale soil–structure interaction problems (e.g. piled‐raft, tunnelling, and excavation) typically involves structural and geomaterials with significant differences in stiffness and permeability. The symmetric quasi‐minimal residual solver coupled with recently developed generalized Jacobi, modified symmetric successive over‐relaxation (MSSOR), or standard incomplete LU factorization (ILU) preconditioners can be ineffective for this class of problems. Inexact block diagonal preconditioners that are inexpensive approximations of the theoretical form are systematically evaluated for mitigating the coupled adverse effects because of such heterogeneous material properties (stiffness and permeability) and because of the percentage of the structural component in the system in piled‐raft foundations. Such mitigation led the proposed preconditioners to offer a significant saving in runtime (up to more than 10 times faster) in comparison with generalized Jacobi, modified symmetric successive over‐relaxation, and ILU preconditioners in simulating piled‐raft foundations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measuring the flow resistance of submerged grass

Through laboratory experiments conducted in a grass‐lined flume, the hydraulic resistance of grass is measured and quantified. For the grass examined, it is found that Manning's n value is greater than those recommended in well‐established texts such as Chow (1959. Open Channel Flow. McGraw‐Hill: Singapore), relatively lower than those predicted by n‐UR methods, but corresponds well with the value found from calibration studies of two‐ and three‐dimensional numerical models. The assumption of a uniform Manning's n value with flow depth, which is often made in numerical modelling, may be invalid depending on the relative submergence of the vegetation. Drag coefficients are evaluated for a method applicable to three‐dimensional numerical models. Further detailed experimental investigation and application of these approaches within a numerical modelling framework is now recommended. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

40Ar/39 mineral ages from the Scituate Granite, Rhode Island: implications for Late Palaeozoic tectonothermal activity in New England

The alkalic Scituate Granite was emplaced into crystalline sequences within the New England Esmond–Dedham terrane in the Late Devonian ( c. 370 Ma). Variably recrystallized amphibole (iron-rich, hastingsite–hastingsitic hornblende) from four variably deformed samples of the pluton record south-westerly younging ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages ranging between 276 and 263 Ma. These are interpreted to date diachronous cooling through temperatures appropriate for intracrystalline retention of argon following late Palaeozoic orogenic activity. Iron-rich biotite concentrates from the samples record only slightly younger ages, and therefore suggest relatively rapid post-metamorphic cooling. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages indicate that the late Palaeozoic tectonothermal overprint was much more regionally pervasive than was previously considered. The apparent timing of this activity is similar to previous estimates for the chronology of high-grade metamorphism throughout the adjacent Hope Valley terrane and for phases of ductile movement on the intervening Lake Char–Honey Hill fault system.     

中亚造山带中的燃烧变质事件及其年代学研究

Combustion metamorphic(pyrometamorphic)complexes produced by prehistoric natural coal fires are widespread inCentral Asia,namely at the interfaces between mountain systems and the flanking sedimentary basins.Large-scale and prolonged firesaccompanied the initial orogenic stages as unweathered coal-bearing formations became exposed into the aeration zone.Pyrometamorphic rocks are comparable to sanidinite facies rocks in formation conditions and in alteration of sedimentary material but,unlike these,their protolith underwent different melting degrees to produce either ferrous basic paralavas or glazed clinkers.The phasecomposition of the newly-formed melted rocks are favorable for~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of combustion metamorphic events which are coeval tothe onset of the main stage of recent orogenic events.We suggest a new algorithm providing correct ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating ofpyrometamorphic rocks followed by well-grounded geological interpretation.We studied pyrometamorphic rocks in the western Salairzone of the Kuznetsk coal basin where combustion metamorphism under temperatures above 1000℃acted upon large volumes of coal-bearing sediments.Samples of paralavas were dated by the step heating ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar method checked against internal(plateau andisochrone ages)and external("criterions of couple")mineralogical criterions,and against preliminary dating from geological andstratigraphic evidence.As a result,we distinguished two groups of dates for combustion metamorphic events.The first one(1.2±0.4Ma)is drawn towards the west boundary of Prokopyevsk-Kiselevsk block of Salair zone,while the second one(0.2±0.3Ma)isconfined to its east boundary.The former ages represent rocks in the western edge of the Prokopievsk-Kiselevsk block of the Salair zoneand the latter ages correspond to those in its eastern edge.The dates record the time when the fault boundaries of the blocks wererejuvenated during recent activity and the block accreted to the Salair orogenic area as a piedmont step.These are the first absolute agesobtained for the onset of uplift of the northern edge of the Ahai-Sayan area,the key event of its neotectonic history.The suggestedapproach to the choice of objects,classification of rocks,and interpretation of~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar data is universal and can be practiced in anyarea subjected to combustion metamorphism.