论不同构造煤类型煤层气开发

我国构造煤类型多,分布广泛,蕴含的煤层气资源量大,探明率低,开发难度大.本文在野外和实验室综合研究基础上,提出适合于煤层气资源开发的“描述+成因”的构造煤分类方案,按照固结类型将构造煤划分为未固结构造煤、固结构造煤两大类,及其对应的碎散煤、脆性煤和韧性煤3个系列,各种类型的构造煤依照形状或特殊结构构造进一步加以描述区分.不同类型的构造煤组合具有较明显的横向和垂向含气分带性特征,形成典型的构造非均质性煤层气藏.我国低煤阶构造煤和中高煤阶构造煤的发育情况与区域大地构造发生和演变具有相关性.构造煤煤层气开发更加强调系统论思想和配套技术集成开发,根据构造煤发育强度及赋存状态的差异,开发对象包括煤层、顶底板和夹矸(薄夹层)等含煤岩系;根据不同的开发对象,应有针对性地选用包括增温驱气等系统配套技术进行勘探开发.     

湖南中生代岩浆活动与晚二叠世煤变质特征

岩体同位素年龄和空间展布分析表明，中生代岩浆活动受多期活动的深大断裂控制且具有多阶段和多期次演化特征。根据Ｘ 射线衍射分析、包体测温、热液矿点的分布以及煤质参数等特征可以证明，除了深成变质作用外，岩浆热变质作用是该区主要的煤变质作用类型。岩浆热变质作用可进一步划分为区域岩浆热变质作用和接触变质作用。通过对湖南的煤类、岩浆活动、构造特征及地球物理特征的比较，可划分出４个煤变质区，其变质程度自北西向南东逐渐增高，这是中、新生代太平洋板块与欧亚板块长期相互作用的结果     

陕北能源化工基地采煤生态环境破坏及补偿机制研究

陕北能源化工基地煤炭、石油、天然气、岩盐等矿产资源储量丰富,经过近20a的开发,已初步建成为中国重要的能源接续地和大型煤化工基地。但该区又具有水资源相对短缺、生态环境脆弱的特点,加之近年来煤炭生产和转化等资源开发增长速度较快,采煤造成的区域性环境污染与生态破坏问题较为突出,严重制约着该区的可持续发展。通过探索建立陕北能源化工基地生态补偿机制,解决了煤炭资源开发与生态环境保护的矛盾,使资源得到适度、可持续的开发利用,环境生态得到持续的恢复和改善,从而使该区的经济发展与保护生态环境相协调,最大限度的实现了可持续发展的战略。     

洼东煤矿软岩巷道支护方式选择

结合山东龙口洼东煤矿软岩巷道支护实践,通过主要含煤地层的物理力学性质分析和软岩岩层的工程地质特征研究,指出随着开采深度的增加,巷道围岩应力和变形量明显增大、返修率高,成为影响巷道层位及其支护方式选择的主要因素,应采取符合围岩工程地质特征和力学机制特点的联合支护方法取代单一支护。研究结果对软岩巷道支护具有一定的指导意义。     

基于瓦斯涌出异常的煤与瓦斯突出预报软件开发

介绍了瓦斯突出孕育过程中瓦斯涌出异常特征,结合计算机软件进行瓦斯突出预报。利用软件实现了对瓦斯浓度数据中异常信息的提取,并通过图形形式实时显示突出前夕瓦斯浓度变化趋势、幅度等异常征兆,可直观、明了地反映突出早期信号,对防治突出,减少事故,确保煤矿安全生产有重要的指导意义。     

Electric conductivity of Fe2SiO4–Fe3O4 spinel solid solutions

 The spinel solid solution was found to exist in the whole range between Fe₃O₄ and γ-Fe₂SiO₄ at over 10 GPa. The resistivity of Fe_{3− x} Si _x O₄ (0.0<x<0.288) was measured in the temperature range of 80∼300 K by the AC impedance method. Electron hopping between Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ in the octahedral site of iron-rich phases gives a large electric conductivity at room temperature. The activation energy of the electron hopping becomes larger with increasing γ-Fe₂SiO₄ component. A nonlinear change in electric conductivity is not simply caused by the statistical probability of Fe³⁺–Fe²⁺ electron hopping with increasing the total Si content. This is probably because a large number of Si⁴⁺ ions occupies the octahedral site and the adjacent Fe²⁺ keeping the local electric neutrality around Si⁴⁺ makes a cluster, which generates a local deformation by Si substitution. The temperature dependence of the conductivity of solid solutions indicates the Verwey transition temperature, which decreases from 124(±2) K at x=0 (Fe₃O₄) to 102(±5) K at x=0.288, and the electric conductivity gap at the transition temperature decreases with Si⁴⁺ substitution. Received: 15 March 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000     

测井曲线在杭东勘查区煤炭普查煤岩层对比中的应用

杭东普查区煤层产状平缓,构造简单,但由于含煤地层为陆相沉积,煤层层数多、厚度、间距变化大,沉积岩相变化快、大范围内缺乏稳定的对比标志层,因此煤岩层对比是本区勘查需要重点解决的难题。通过对比杭东普查区与邻区200余孔的测井资料,分析煤岩层在各种测井曲线的异常特征与异常组合规律,确定了对煤岩层对比有重大意义的标志层,如延长组与上覆延安组的典型视电阻率异常分界;延安组在高视电阻率曲线上的“树杆”状凸起特征;安定组视电阻率曲线近直线的低值形态;4-1煤在视电阻率曲线上呈现出的“斜坡”状或“刀”状高异常,以及在自然伽玛曲线上的“凹坑”特征;侏罗系中统直罗组的高伽马异常,等等。这些典型特征保证了该区煤岩层对比可靠性,为提交优质地质勘查报告发挥了重要作用。     

Raman Micro-Spectroscopic Study of Sulfate Ion in the System Na2SO4 – H2O

This work aims to quantify sulfate ion concentrations in the system Na₂SO₄-H₂O using Raman micro-spectroscopy.Raman spectra of sodium sulfate solutions with known concentrations were collected at ambient temperature（293 K） and in the 500 cm^₁-4000 cm^-1 spectral region.The results indicate that the intensity of the SO₄^2- band increases with increasing concentrations of sulfate ion.A linear correlation was found between the concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and parameter I₁,which represents the ratio of the area of the SO₄^2- band to that of the O-H stretching band of water（A_s/A_w）:I₁=-0.00102+0.01538 c.Furthermore,we deconvoluted the O-H stretching band of water(2800 cm^-1-3800 cm^-1) at 3232 and 3430 cm^-1 into two sub-Gaussian bands,and then defined Raman intensity of the two sub-bands as A_Bi(3232 cm^-1) and A_B2(3430 cm^-1),defined the full width of half maximum（FWHM） of the two sub-bands as W_B1(3232 cm^-1) and W_B2(3430 cm^-1).A linear correlation between the concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and parameter I₂,which represents the ratio of Raman intensity of SO₄^2-（A_s）(in 981 cm^-1) to(A_B1+A_B2),was also established:I₂=-0.0111+0.3653 c.However,no correlations were found between concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and FWHM ratios,which includes the ratio of FWHM of SO₄^2-（W_s） to W_B1 W_B2 and W_B1+B2(the sum of W_B1 and W_B2),suggesting that FWHM is not suitable for quantitative studies of sulfate solutions with Raman spectroscopy.A comparison of Raman spectroscopic studies of mixed Na₂SO₄ and NaCI solutions with a constant SO₄^2- concentration and variable CI^- concentrations suggest that the I\ parameter is affected by CI^-,whereas the I₂ parameter was not.Therefore,even if the solution is not purely Na₂SO₄-H₂O,SO₄^2- concentrations can still be calculated from the Raman spectra if the H₂O band is deconvoluted into two sub-bands,making this method potentially applicable to analysis of natural fluid inclusions.     

陕北榆横矿区小纪汗井田水文地质特征及矿床充水条件分析

从用顶板充水、底板突水两个角度对矿坑充水强度进行了分析,为小纪汗井田及周边开采提供了参考。     

A unified C-band and Ku-band geophysical model function determined by neural network approach

The geophysical model function （GMF） describes the relationship between backscattering and sea surface wind, so that wind vec- tors can be retrieved from backscattering measurement. The GMF plays an important role in ocean wind vector retrievals, its performance will directly influence the accuracy of the retrieved wind vector. Neural network （NN） approach is used to develop a unified GMF for C-band and Ku-band （NN-GMF）. Empirical GMF CMOIM and QSCAT-1 are used to generate the simulated training data-set, and Gaussian noise at a signal noise ratio of 30 dB is added to the data-set to simulate the noise in the backscat- tering measurement. The NN-GMF employs radio frequency as an additional parameter, so it can be applied for both C-band and Ku-band. Analyses show that the %predicted by the NN-GMF is comparable with the σpredicted by CMOIM and QSCAT-1. Also the wind vectors retrieved from the NN-GMF and empirical GMF CMOIM and QSCAT-1 are comparable, indicating that the NN-GMF is as effective as the empirical GMF, and has the advantages of the universal form.