1∶250000地形图质量检查方案设计与实现

对地形图质量的重要性进行了介绍,针对1∶250 000地形图生产、更新过程中应该注意的质量问题,设计实现了多个质量检验项目。通过这些检查项目可以高效地解决地形图质量问题,提高了1∶250 000地形图的成果质量。     

出流边界对京津冀地区强对流局地新生及快速增强的动力效应

针对2014年7月16日发生在京津冀地区包含三次风暴过程的强对流"事件",通过雷达、探空和自动站等观测资料分析,以及基于雷达资料快速刷新四维变分同化（RR4DVar）和三维数值云模式的高分辨率模拟,研究了在京津冀复杂地形条件下导致对流风暴局地新生及快速增强的对流尺度热力和动力机制,重点分析了出流边界在对流风暴局地新生及快速增强过程中的动力效应。探空观测和模拟结果均显示,16日当天从上午到傍晚,京津冀地区存在有利于对流风暴发生、发展的中尺度环境条件,包括明显的热力不稳定、强的偏南低空急流和低层垂直风切变等。在本次强对流"事件"中,首先是东移的近地面切变线在中午12:00（北京时,下同）左右触发了天津地区多单体对流风暴的局地新生和快速加强,并产生了明显的向西北移动的出流边界。随后,在京津冀西北部山区形成的一个产生向南出流的风暴单体于下午18:00左右抵达北京西北部山边,由于地形强迫,沿山坡加速下滑的风暴出流与沿山坡上行的低层偏南暖湿气流相互作用,增强了山坡附近的低层辐合和垂直上升,同时在向南和向西北移动的出流边界"碰撞"形成的动力不稳定配合下,使得风暴单体在下山过程中迅速发展为强超级单体风暴。两条出流边界在风暴附近的"碰撞"及其和低层偏南暖湿气流的相互作用,具有复杂地形条件下导致风暴新生和加强的"三重点"关键区特征。在22:00左右,由超级单体风暴形成的出流边界抵达京津冀南部平原地区,与偏南低空急流和低层偏东风湿空气产生的辐合区相互作用,形成新的类似于"三重点"的关键区,导致在辐合区内沿出流边界出现暖湿空气的强烈上升。在出流边界的动力不稳定触发下,沿出流边界附近不断有对流单体新生和增强,最终在23:00左右形成了一条近似东西走向的线状多单体风暴系统。     

南极大气CO_2、CH_4和N_2O本底趋势特征分析

对南极大气温室气体CO_2(含δ~(13)C-CO_2和δ~(18)O-CO_2)、CH_4和N_2O长期测值进行比较分析。结果表明,南极是全球大气温室气体浓度(CO_2稳定同位素丰度值)随纬度分布变化中的最低(高)区域。南极大气温室气体浓度值变化趋势、年增长率与全球整体上一致,但在具体数值上存在差异。南极CO_2平均年增长率(1958—2014年)为(1.43±0.59)mg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),低于同期赤道(1.51±0.72)mg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),但1980—2014年和2000—2014年年增长率均高于南半球中纬度地区。δ~(13)C-CO_2和δ~(18)O-CO_2丰度趋势揭示了化石燃料排放和全球尺度过程对CO_2的影响,但南极是受影响最小的区域。1983—2014年南极CH_4平均增长率为(6.2±4.9)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),低于北半球中纬度(6.5±5.6)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1)而高于赤道(5.6±5.3)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1)和南半球中纬度(6.1±4.9)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1),这与CH_4人为排放增强主要在北半球中纬度地区而显著被OH氧化在赤道和中纬度地区的事实是吻合的。南极N_2O平均年增长率为(0.87±0.15)μg·L~(–1)·a~(–1)(2005—2013年),与南半球中纬度地区接近但低于北半球而高于赤道地区。     

寒旱环境4种草本和灌木植物耐盐性试验研究

选取4种适宜于西宁盆地及其周边地区生长的老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus Linn.)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon Maxim.)作为供试种,采用室内种植方式进行0、30、60、90、120 mmol/L 5种浓度的Na_2SO_4溶液胁迫试验。研究4种植物地茎(径)、株高、干重等生长指标及地上和地下部分Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)6种易溶盐离子含量,探讨4种植物的耐盐性特征。结果表明:盐胁迫对4种植物的生长具有一定抑制效应,其地茎(径)、株高、干重均逐渐降低,其中盐胁迫条件下对老芒麦的抑制作用相对较为显著,其次为垂穗披碱草、霸王和柠条锦鸡儿;随着胁迫浓度增加,4种植物地上和地下部分Na~+和SO_4~(2-)含量显著增加,而K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-含量呈逐渐降低;柠条锦鸡儿地上部分K~+/Na~+值相对较高,为0.73~9.70,其次为霸王和垂穗披碱草,为0.46~8.35和0.45~7.57,老芒麦相对较低,为0.25~6.12,表明区内4种植物耐盐性由大至小依次为柠条锦鸡儿、霸王、垂穗披碱草、老芒麦。研究结果对于西宁盆地及其周边地区开展利用植物有效防治土地盐渍化具有理论指导意义。     

Carbonyl sulfide emissions from biomass burning in the tropics

Carbonyl sulfide emissions from biomass burning have been studied during field experiments conducted both in an African savanna area (Ivory Coast) and rice fields, central highland pine forest and savanna areas in Viet-Nam. During these experiments CO₂, CO and C₂H₂ or CH₄ have also been also monitored. COS values range from 0.6 ppbv outside the fires to 73 ppbv in the plumes. Significant correlations have been observed between concentrations of COS and CO (R ²=0.92,n=25) and COS and C₂H₂ (R ²=0.79,n=26) indicating a COS production during the smoldering combustion. COS/CO₂ emission factors (COS/CO₂) during field experiments ranged from 1.2 to 61×10^–6 (11.4×10^–6 mean value). COS emission by biomass burning was estimated to be up to 0.05 Tg S/yr in tropics and up to 0.07 Tg S/yr on a global basis, contributing thus about 10% to the global COS flux. Based on the S/C ratio measured in the dry plant biomass and the COS/CO₂ emission factor, COS can account for only about 7% of the sulfur emitted in the atmosphere by biomass burning.     

稻田CH_4排放的控制措施

通过对稻田CH_4排放施肥效应的研究指出:化肥的施用能够降低CH_4的排放,但是有机物的数量及质量是影响稻田CH_4排放的主要因素,因此稻田CH_4排放的控制应该主要从有机肥的科学施用入手;比起常规的有机肥,沼渣肥这种已经发酵的“陈”有机肥能够较大程度地降低CH_4排放。推出沼渣肥和化肥混施的方案,在不降低水稻产量的同时降低CH_4排放,并建议新鲜有机肥(紫云英、稻草、猪粪等)先进沼气池产生沼气并利用,沼渣在施入土壤前先充分干燥。 水管理实验发现,当土壤湿润度低到一定程度时(26％<湿度<31％),CH_4排放率突然减少,CH_4产生率也明显降低,而且主要的产CH_4区域向土壤深处移动。重新灌水后在较长的一段时间内CH_4排放率仍不能恢复。一个三日间隔灌溉法因为灌溉的时间间隔太短,没有起到降低排放的作用。同时考虑水稻产量及方案实用性,提出用适当时间表的间歇灌溉来降低CH_4排放。如果能控制好土壤湿润度的临界值,我国常用的晒田技术会起到降低CH_4排放的效果。 为更好地降低CH_4排放,并努力增加水稻产量,设想了一种水肥结合的控制措施,即把沼渣肥和化肥混施方案与最简单的间歇灌溉方案——晒田共同使用、结果使晚稻CH_4排放降低了一倍多。水稻作为传输CH_4的主要路径,某些水稻品种也可能对降低稻田CH_4排     

灰化法磷测定中不同灰化助剂的效果比较——以磷酸氢二钠作为磷标样

对Na 2HPO4加入不同灰化助剂经不同温度（150～550℃）灼烧后磷的回收率进行了研究。所研究的灰化助剂除文献中已深入研究过的MgSO4和Mg(No3)2外，还对MgCl2等十余种盐剂进行了实验。作者认为，在利用目前已被广泛应用的由Solбrzano和Sharp 1980年所提出的方法去分析海水中的颗粒磷和总磷或有机体中的磷时，应当用MgCl2或Mg(Ac）2作为灰化助剂而取代MgSO4。尽管Mg(NO3)2也是高效的灰化辅助剂，但其应用的危险性及更多的手工操作可能限制了其广泛应用。     

Changes in serum thyroid hormone levels and thyroid gland activity of artificially maturing female Japanese eel(Anguilla japonica)

In order to evaluate the involvement of the thyroid gland in reproduction, thyroid functioning was described in female cultivated Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) in progressive stages of sexual maturation induced by chum salmon pituitary homogenate (SPH) treatment. Serum thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were also measured in each stage. Thyroid gland activity (epithelial cell height) was high before SPH injection (previtellogenic stage), further increasing at the early vitellogenic stage, thereafter decreasing to late vitellogenic and migratory nucleus stages. The profiles of both T3 and T4 changed during vitellogenesis, being high during previtellogenic and early vitellogenic stages, and subsequently declining, thus mimicking thyroid gland activity. These results suggest that the thyroid has relation with eel ovarian development during artificial maturation.     

Sulfur Isotope Tracing of Ore-forming Hydrothermal Fluid for Metallic Sulfide Deposit

How to utilize sulfur isotope for many domestic and foreign researchers to trace the sulfur source of metallic sulfide deposit has been explored for many years. Fruitful results have been gained now. Based on summing up the characteristics of sulfur isotopic composition of hydrothermal mineral from metallic sulfide deposits, this paper illuminated the total sulfur isotopic composition of ore-forming fluids is the key factor in estimating the sulfur source. This paper also summarized three approaches about how to obtain the total sulfur isotopic composition (δ³⁴S_∑S) of ore-forming fluids. They are physical-chemical equilibrium analysis, mineral paragenetic association analysis and Pinckey-Rafter, respectively. We gave some applied examples and made a brief comment of them as well. There are three points worth noting. Firstly, choosing appropriate approach is a critical factor to acquire the δ³⁴S_∑S successfully according to the characteristics of different types of metallic sulfide deposit. Secondly, currently, these above mentioned approaches and applications are effective after the establishment of equilibrium state of sulfur isotope. As to the sulfur isotopic disequilibrium condition in metallic sulfide deposits probably resulted from lower temperature or rapid emplacement, there are quite some problems in theory and technique. Therefore, an in-depth study should also be continued. Thirdly, it is a new development trend to study isotope composition of different forms of sulfur and to discuss their source, forming environment and process respectively, which is probably more effective and significant for tracing sulfur sources of metallic sulfide deposits.     

珠江口盆地不同类型原油地球化学特征

为明确白云凹陷目前发现原油的成因及来源,系统分析取自珠江口盆地不同类型原油中各类生物标志物的分布与组成特征,发现番禺低隆起北部构造及番禺4洼的原油具有姥植比低(2.0),指示陆源有机质输入的奥利烷含量中等,基本缺乏达玛树脂贡献的双杜松烷,各类重排构型甾藿含量较低,而指示沟鞭藻贡献的C_(30)4-甲基甾烷异常丰富的特点。C_(30)4-甲基甾烷与C_(29)规则甾烷的比值2.1,且其三环萜烷系列C_(19-26)呈现以C_(21)为主峰的正态分布,指示其原始生烃母质以藻类为主,表明这类原油与文昌组湖相烃源岩具有较好的可比性;而番禺低隆起南部构造及白云凹陷的凝析油具有姥植比高(4.0),明显富含奥利烷和双杜松烷,各类重排构型甾藿烷含量较高,缺乏C_(30)4-甲基甾烷的特点,且其三环萜烷C_(19-26)呈现阶梯状依次降低的特点,表明陆源有机质是其主要原始生烃母质,这符合白云凹陷发育恩平组煤系烃源岩的石油地质背景。