测井技术在泰安姚庄油页岩勘探中的识别应用

油页岩是一种很有前景的油气资源,测井技术是油页岩矿勘探开发的关键技术。该文依托姚庄地区油页岩矿钻孔的测井工作,通过对典型钻孔zk002的测井资料进行分析对比,得出测井曲线的变化与岩层有机质含量的关系,识别出地层岩性,并定出含油页岩层厚度,其结果与地质岩心钻探结果基本一致,因此,测井技术能较好地识别含油页岩层。     

Cretaceous amber inclusions of Spain and Myanmar demonstrate early diversification and wide dispersal of Cephenniitae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

The taxonomic status of previously misplaced species of an ant-like stone beetle from Spanish amber (Albian) is clarified. Specimens of Kachinus magnificus (originally placed as incertae sedis within Scydmaenitae) were re-examined and their characters were found different from those of the type species of Kachinus from Myanmar amber. Consequently, Archeutheia gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate the Spanish species, resulting in Archeutheia magnifica comb. nov. Moreover, in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis Archeutheia was placed as a sister group to extant Eutheia, within the tribe Eutheiini of Cephenniitae. A specimen of an undetermined genus from Myanmar amber clearly belonging in Cephenniini is also recorded. Both taxa represent the first definite Cretaceous Cephenniitae, a supertribe whose recent members are distributed on all continents but are especially diverse in the Oriental and East Palaearctic regions. This finding demonstrates a diversification of two presently most species-rich tribes of Cephenniitae already in Early Cretaceous. Archeutheia is strikingly similar to the extant species of Eutheia and Veraphis, showing male dimorphic characters (modified protrochanters) and antennal cavities characteristic of Palaearctic Eutheiini. This fact suggests a long morphological stability in the supertribe. A previously proposed hypothesis of an early presence of the Cephenniitae in the Northern Hemisphere is for the first time supported by the fossil record, and the palaeolocalities (western Europe and Southeast Asia) demonstrate a wide distribution of Cephenniitae in the Cretaceous and an early split of its ancestral lineage.     

新疆阿尔泰萨尔朔克金多金属矿区岩浆活动—剪切变形时限——锆石U-Pb和绢云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年证据

萨尔朔克金多金属矿位于新疆阿尔泰南缘阿舍勒盆地,矿体赋存于沿火山通道充填的潜火山岩(流纹斑岩)中,矿化类型较为多样,主要呈浸染状、脉状和细脉状产出,矿床的形成与潜火山热液密切相关。该矿区外围广泛发育无明显矿化的流纹斑岩,且普遍发育韧性剪切变形现象,流纹斑岩和韧性剪切变形的时限都不明确,严重制约着外围找矿勘查工作的进展。本文在详细的野外地质调查和室内镜下鉴定的基础上,应用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb和绢云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年方法对外围的流纹斑岩和韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩进行了年代学研究。获得无明显矿化的流纹斑岩的年龄为371.3±1.2 Ma,结合课题组对矿化流纹斑岩的年代学研究成果,表明流纹斑岩形成于382~371 Ma之间,但主成矿作用只发生在中泥盆世晚期,371 Ma可能代表了阿舍勒组最晚期岩浆侵入活动事件,但没有伴随矿化作用。绢云母在糜棱岩中沿剪切面理分布,属于韧性剪切变形的新生矿物,其坪年龄为254.4±1.8 Ma,与等时线年龄(254.0±3.7 Ma)在误差范围内一致,代表了新生绢云母的形成年龄,暗示该韧性剪切带形成时间为晚二叠世末期,为额尔齐斯区域大规模剪切—走滑活动之后的局部剪切活动;该韧性剪切作用只对矿化进行了改造,并没有富集成矿。     

吉林长安堡钼(铜)矿床成矿时代及物质来源:来自辉钼矿Re-Os同位素证据

吉林省中东部地区地处中国东北部陆缘、兴蒙造山带的东段,目前已探明大中型钼矿床十余座,矿床类型有斑岩型、矽卡岩型和石英脉型。长安堡斑岩型钼(铜)矿床是吉林中部地区新发现的一座大型斑岩型矿床,成矿年代学研究工作至今尚未开展。本文在矿床地质特征研究的基础上,对矿区辉钼矿进行了Re-Os同位素体系的定年研究,获得辉钼矿模式年龄值为167.3±2.4~168.7±2.4 Ma,加权平均值为168.0±1.0 Ma(MSWD=0.16),等时线年龄为168.0±6.2 Ma(MSWD=0.42),表明长安堡钼(铜)矿床形成于中侏罗世,属中国北方燕山期大规模钼成矿期成矿,结合已发表的钼矿床高精度年代学数据,认为吉林中东部地区的钼成矿作用发生在早-中侏罗世(167~196 Ma)。矿区辉钼矿的Re含量介于25.17~34.80μg/g,平均值为29.54μg/g,指示了成矿物质具有壳幔混源、且更偏壳源特征,为准确认识该矿床的成矿物质来源提供了进一步的制约。这些成果对于研究吉林地区钼矿资源的成矿规律提供了科学依据。     

Microbial community signature in Lake Coeur d’Alene: Association of environmental variables and toxic heavy metal phases

The water and sediments of Lake Coeur d’Alene in northern Idaho (USA) have been impacted by decades of mining operations within the Coeur d’Alene mining district. Using a multivariate statistical approach, correlations were explored between the microbial community (via 16S rDNA microarray) in sediment cores and operationally defined heavy metal phases (via continuous sequential extractions). Candidate phyla NC10, OP8 and LD1PA were only detected in metal contaminated cores and diversity doubled among Natronoanaerobium in metal contaminated cores compared to the uncontaminated control site. This may suggest some increased fitness of these phyla in contaminated sediments. In contrast, diversity within the phyla Aquificae, Coprothermobacteria, and Synergistes was at least double in the uncontaminated control site. In linear models composed of two geochemical variables from the presumed sulfate reducing lineages detected in this study, orders Desulfobacterales, Desulfuromonadales, Desulfotomaculum, and Syntrophobacterales were highly correlated with Pb (positive influence) and Zn (negative influence) in the operationally defined residual fraction, and most taxa within orders from Desulfovibrionales. Bdellovibrionales highly correlated with Pb in the exchangeable/carbonate (negative influence) and oxyhydroxide (positive influence) phases. Diversity within families from metal reducing bacterial lineages Shewanellaceae, Geobacteraceae, and Rhodocyclaceae showed high correlation with Pb in the exchangeable/carbonate (negative influence) and oxyhydroxide (positive influence) phases. To our knowledge, this is the first time these techniques have been used in combination to describe a contaminated system. Resulting correlations suggest the diversity of the microbial community was influenced primarily by partitioning of heavy metals into exchangeable Pb over other Pb phases and, to a lesser extent, residual Pb to residual Zn phase partitioning.     

Precise and Accurate Doping of Nanoporous Silica Gel for the Synthesis of Trace Element Microanalytical Reference Materials

This study presents an experimental procedure to fabricate high‐purity silica glass containing a selected element at a specified mass fraction. The procedure was used to prepare glasses doped with trace‐level mass fractions of Ti with the goal of improving analytical confidence when measuring trace elements in quartz. Systematic tests were performed to determine the ideal conditions and procedures for doping nanoporous silica gel with the highest efficiency of dopant recovery. Silica gel was cleaned in concentrated HCl, immersed in a non‐polar doping medium at a controlled pH and doped with precise quantities of ICP‐MS standard solution. Using liquids composed of longer chain molecules as the doping medium diminishes recovery, suggesting that large molecules could obstruct nanopores to inhibit capillary uptake of the dopant. A control experiment using crystalline quartz reinforced the effectiveness of nanoporous silica gel for doping with trace‐level precision. Layered aggregates of silica gel doped with different Ti mass fractions were hot‐pressed to create multi‐layered reference materials that were analysed with multiple techniques at a variety of spatial scales. Analyses at the intra‐grain scale (cathodoluminescence scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis), at the single grain scale (SIMS), at the sample layer scale (EPMA, laser ablation‐ICP‐MS) and at the bulk scale (ICP‐OES) demonstrated acceptable homogeneity at sample volumes characteristic of most microanalysis techniques and show that nanoporous silica gel holds promise as a highly retentive doping substrate for preparing reference materials for laser‐, electron‐ and ion‐beam microanalysis.     

Appropriate Sampling for Optimised Measurement (ASOM), rather than the Theory of Sampling (TOS) Approach,to Ensure Suitable Measurement Quality: A Refutation of Esbensen and Wagner (2014)

The ‘Appropriate Sampling for Optimised Measurement’ (ASOM) approach considers measurement to be the focus of the sampling process, and sampling to be only the first part of the measurement process. To achieve ASOM, the uncertainty of measurements, including its contribution from sampling, needs to be estimated and optimised in order to achieve fitness‐for‐purpose. Such samples are then ‘sufficiently’ representative. The ‘Theory of Sampling’ (TOS) focuses on the processes of primary sampling and sample preparation and assumes that samples are ‘representative’ if they are correctly prepared by nominally ‘correct’ protocols. It defines around ten sampling ‘errors’, which are either modelled or minimised to improve sampling quality. It is argued that the ASOM approach is more effective in achieving appropriate measurement quality than in applying TOS to just the first part of the measurement process. The comparison is made less effective by the different objectives, scopes, terminology and assumptions of the two approaches. ASOM can be applied to in situ materials that are too variable to be modelled accurately, or where sources of uncertainty are unsuspected. The proposed integration of ASOM with TOS (Esbensen and Wagner 2014, Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 57, 93–106) is therefore effectively impossible. However, some TOS procedures can be useful within the ASOM approach.     

Elimination of Interferences in the Determination of Palladium,Platinum and Rhodium Mass Fractions in Moss Samples using ICP‐MS/MS

Moss samples (Pleurozium schreberi) exposed to traffic‐related emission of Pd, Pt and Rh were analysed in this study. Successful elimination of interferences was achieved in the determination of Pd, Pt and Rh mass fractions in these samples using inductively coupled plasma‐tandem mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS/MS). Based on the results, a reliable determination of Pd, Pt and Rh mass fractions in microwave‐digested moss samples was obtained using ammonia (10% NH₃ in He) in the collision/reaction cell when ¹⁰³Rh was measured either on‐mass (103→103) or with mass‐shift (103→171) and mass‐shifts for ¹⁰⁸Pd (108→159) and ¹⁹⁵Pt (195→229) were used. The ICP‐MS/MS procedure was validated using BCR‐723 (road dust) as a reference material. In addition, a good agreement between the ICP‐MS/MS results and the results obtained with cloud point extraction and quadrupole ICP‐MS was observed for the moss samples.     

青海南祁连巴龙贡噶尔组变火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

广泛分布于南祁连的巴龙贡噶尔组一直缺少精确的化石和同位素测年依据,其地质时代备受关注。1∶5万区域地质调查在青海省天峻县织合玛乡南部的该套地层中新发现了英安质火山熔岩。采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法,获得1件英安岩样品的锆石U-Pb年龄为457.6±2.4Ma,表明该套火山岩形成于晚奥陶世。这是首次获得的有关巴龙贡噶尔组的高精度测年数据,为该组的解体及其时代归属提供了可靠的同位素年代学依据。这一新发现和成果对于研究南祁连的早古生代地层层序及构造演化具有重要意义。     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。