贵州大观金矿床地质特征及控矿规律

通过对大观金矿的成矿地质背景及矿床地质特征的分析,对构造逐级控矿规律和构造界面控矿规律的研究,认为大观金矿F1为主要控矿断裂,是重要的容矿构造及导矿构造;主要控矿构造界面为许满组和罗楼组的界面,该界面是岩性组合界面(Si/Ca界面),在断裂构造的耦合作用下,形成大观金矿床。     

渤海海域秦皇岛29-2东构造优质混积储层主控因素

中深层优质储层的发育通常制约着油气的富集程度。渤海海域秦皇岛29-2东构造钻遇物性极好的陆源碎屑和碳酸盐鲕粒、生物碎屑混积储层,对其控制因素开展研究对类似地区具有启示意义。通过岩芯观察、薄片、扫描电镜、电子探针、物性、全岩、同位素及流体包裹体等分析,系统阐述了秦皇岛29-2东混积岩的岩石学和储集空间等特征,研究结果显示:研究区沙一二段混合沉积储集层包括含陆源碎屑—碳酸盐混积岩、陆源碎屑质碳酸盐混积岩和碳酸盐质—陆源碎屑岩3类,储层类型为高孔、低—特低渗型;孔隙主要为粒间孔、生物体腔孔和次生溶蚀孔隙。并讨论了混积岩优质储层的形成机制,认为咸化湖盆滨浅湖强湖浪作用下形成的富螺混积滩相、埋藏成岩早期白云石化和成岩中后期溶蚀作用是控制该优质储层形成的重要因素。     

Uranium Behavior in the Process of Primary Pitchblende Ores Alteration by the Post‐ore Hydrothermal Solutions: An Application to Assessment of Uranium Migration from Underground Spent Nuclear Fuel Repositories

It has been shown that the main uranium ore mineral, pitchblende (uranium dioxide), is a natural analog of synthetic uraninite (also uranium dioxide), which constitutes 96% of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Geochronological studies of the U‐Pb isotope systems in unaltered pitchblende from the orebodies reveal that these systems remained completely closed over the entire period (approximately 135 Ma) since the formation of the deposits. The bulk of the primary uranium ores within the Streltsovskoye ore field was influenced to various degrees by post‐ore hydrothermal solutions that led to pitchblende spherulites being replaced by pseudomorphs of an amorphous phase with a U‐Si composition; this phase also re‐precipitated in veinlets proximal to the pitchblende pseudomorphs. A technique specially developed by the authors was used to carry out quantitative counts of the abundance of uranium minerals by calculating the uranium mass balance in one of the orebodies subjected to hydrothermal alteration. The calculations reveal minimal uranium loss from the orebody. Uranium liberated in the process of the pseudomorphic replacement of pitchblende was immediately fixed, in situ, in the newly formed coffinite‐like amorphous U‐Si phase as a result of the development of an efficient geochemical barrier that prevented the long‐distance migration of uranium. In assessing the long‐term safety of underground SNF repositories, the results of the present study give us confidence that SNF uraninite, in terms of the preservation of its integrity as a mineral phase, provides for the reliable long‐term isolation of uranium, transuranium elements, and fission products that are “sealed” in the uraninite matrix. In the case of the mineral transformation of the uraninite matrix by hydrothermal solutions, the liberated uranium would be efficiently immobilized by the newly formed amorphous U‐Si phase.     

New fuzzy neural network–Markov model and application in mid- to long-term runoff forecast

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a mid- to long-term runoff forecast model is developed using an ideal point fuzzy neural network–Markov (NFNN-MKV) hybrid algorithm to improve the forecasting precision. Combining the advantages of the new fuzzy neural network and the Markov prediction model, this model can solve the problem of stationary or volatile strong random processes. Defined error statistics algorithms are used to evaluate the performance of models. A runoff prediction for the Si Quan Reservoir is made by utilizing the modelling method and the historical runoff data, with a comprehensive consideration of various runoff-impacting factors such as rainfall. Compared with the traditional fuzzy neural networks and Markov prediction models, the results show that the NFNN-MKV hybrid algorithm has good performance in faster convergence, better forecasting accuracy and significant improvement of neural network generalization. The absolute percentage error of the NFNN-MKV hybrid algorithm is less than 7.0%, MSE is less than 3.9, and qualification rate reaches 100%. For further comparison of the proposed model, the NFNN-MKV model is employed to estimate (training and testing for 120-month-ahead prediction) and predict river discharge for 156 months at Weijiabao on the Weihe River in China. Comparisons among the results of the NFNN-MKV model, the WNN model and the SVR model indicate that the NFNN-MKV model is able to significantly increase prediction accuracy.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor Y. Gyasi-Agyei     

~(15)N示踪法测定海洋反硝化速率中~(29)N_2浓度的准确定量

利用15 N示踪法实测南海水体反硝化速率的研究发现,培养水样在长时间密闭放置过程中也会受到外界空气的污染,且其29N2/28N2比值恒定为0.007 35。根据空气背景中29N2/28N2比值恒定的特征,提出基于质量平衡关系校正空气N2污染的方法,通过将样品实测29N2浓度扣除由外界空气贡献的29N2浓度,可获得由生物反硝化作用所产生的29N2准确浓度,进而可计算出准确的反硝化速率。经空气29N2背景校正后,29N2浓度的偏差明显小于未经校正的结果,且29N2浓度与培养时间之间的线性相关性显著加强,凸显出空气29N2背景校正是获取准确反硝化速率的关键。鉴于15 N示踪法已被广泛应用于海洋水体与沉积物反硝化速率的测定中,所提出的空气29N2背景校正方法具有重要的意义。     

Silicon and oxygen isotopic composition of igneous rocks from the eastern Manus Basin

This paper reports silicon and oxygen isotopes of 20 kinds of igneous rocks and their major elements from the eastern Manus Basin. Combining silicon and oxygen isotopic data from other studies, we suppose that both δ30Si and δ18O values increase with the increasing of SiO2 content. It means that the fractionation of silicon and oxygen isotopes are affected by the silica content. The positive correlation between CaO/Al2O3 ratios and MgO and that between Si/Al and SiO2 content indicate that clinopyroxene is the predominant mineral phase in our samples. We suppose that the fractionation of silicon and oxygen isotopes are influenced by mineral fractional crystallization. Probably, it is due to their different silicon and oxygen bridges. In this study, the δ30Simean value=-0.17‰±0.17‰ and δ18Omean value= +6.07‰±0.57‰ are higher than normal δ30Si and δ18O values of mantle, and we propose that these igneous rocks in the eastern Manus Basin are affected by hydrothermal alteration.     

西藏斯弄多低硫化型浅成低温热液Ag Pb Zn矿床：Si H O同位素的示踪应用

拉萨地块南木林盆地林子宗群火山机构内发育有斯弄多隐爆角砾岩型、热液脉型Ag-Pb-Zn矿床,该矿床金属矿物为闪锌矿、方铅矿,少量黄铜矿和辉银矿,蚀变矿物为绢云母、伊利石、玉髓、蒙脱石、碧玉、方解石、菱锰矿和菱铁矿,符合低硫型浅成低温热液矿床的基本特征。本次研究对陆相火山岩中热泉喷口的硅质条带及穿切矿体石英脉进行了Si、H、O同位素测试,结果表明:(1)硅质条带的石英单矿物δ~(30)Si_(NBS-28)为-1.2‰~-0.4‰,记录有热水沉积Si同位素地球化学特征,为古热泉硅华成因;(2)受后期火山热液作用改造的热水沉积硅质条带全岩δ~(30)Si_(NBS-28)为-0.2‰~+0.3‰,显示火山岩与热水沉积岩混合特征;(3)穿切矿体石英脉δ~(30) Si_(NBS-28)值为-0.8‰~-0.1‰,与热水沉积硅质条带石英单矿物Si同位素组成一致,显示低温成因高Δ30Si同位素分馏值特征;(4)石英脉和硅质条带全岩的流体包裹体氢氧同位素特征显示大气水与火山岩发生了水-岩交换作用的"氧同位素漂移"现象,说明成矿流体在火山岩地层中经历了长期的循环作用。因此,Si-H-O稳定同位素指示:矿区内仍保留有古热泉喷口,表明矿区自古新世火山岩喷发和成矿后,剥蚀程度低,"缺位"寻找低硫化浅成低温热液型Au-Ag矿床的勘查潜力较大,低δ~(30)Si_(NBS-28)值石英脉和硅化是重要找矿标志。     

Ge/Si and Sr/Sr tracers of weathering reactions and hydrologic pathways in a tropical granitoid system

Ge/Si and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr data from primary and secondary minerals, soil waters, and stream waters in a tropical granitoid catchment quantitatively reflect mineral alteration reactions that occur at different levels within the bedrock–saprolite–soil zone. Near the bedrock–saprolite interface, plagioclase to kaolinite reaction yields low Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr. Higher in the regolith column, biotite weathering and kaolinite dissolution drive Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr to high values. Data from streams at base flow sample the bedrock–saprolite interface zone, while at high discharge solutes are derived from upper saprolite–soil zone. Coupled Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr can be effective tools for quantifying the importance of specific weathering reactions, and for geochemical hydrograph separation.