Assessing entrainment of bed material in a debris‐flow event: a theoretical approach incorporating Monte Carlo method

Entrainment of underlying bed sediment by a debris flow can significantly increase the debris‐flow magnitude. To study this phenomenon, a theoretical approach to assessing bed‐sediment entrainment is presented. The approach is based on a static approximation that bed‐sediment entrainment occurs when the shearing stress of the flow is sufficiently high to overcome the basal resistance of the bed sediment. In order to delineate erodible zones in a channel, we analyze the critical condition of this static equilibrium model, and subsequently propose a new concept of a critical line to detect the entrainment reaches in a channel. Considering the spatial and temporal uncertainties of the input parameter, the approach is further incorporated within a Monte Carlo method, and the distribution of entrainment zones and post‐entrainment volumes can be analyzed. This approach is illustrated by back‐analysis of the 2010 Yohutagawa debris‐flow event, Japan. Results from 10 000 trials of Monte Carlo simulation are compared with the in situ surveys. It is shown that the present approach can be satisfactorily used to delineate erodible zones and estimate possible entrainment volume of the event. Discussion regarding the sensitivities and limitations of the approach concludes the paper. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

734年天水7级地震考证与发震构造分析

根据历史地震资料的考证结果,734年天水地震的极震区位于秦州中都督府、麦积都尉一带,今天水市秦城区、北道区和麦积山一带,震中烈度达Ⅹ度,震级71/2级左右。其等震线长轴方向为NW向,大致与西秦岭北缘断裂带的甘谷-武山断裂段相吻合,极震区正好位于甘谷-武山断裂段的东端。综合分析认为,734年天水71/2级地震的发震构造为西秦岭北缘断裂带的甘谷-武山断裂段东端     

Tree-ring dates on two pre-Little Ice Age advances in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA

Two interstadial tree ring-width chronologies from Geikie Inlet, Glacier Bay Southeast, Alaska were built from 40 logs. One of these chronologies has been calendar dated to AD 224–999 (775 yr) crossdating with a living ring-width chronology from Prince William Sound, Alaska. Trees in this chronology were likely killed through inundation by sediments and meltwater from the advancing Geikie Glacier and its tributaries ca. AD 850. The earlier tree-ring chronology spans 545 yr and is a floating ring-width series tied to radiocarbon ages of about 3000 cal yr BP. This tree-ring work indicates two intervals of glacial expansion by the Geikie Glacier system toward the main trunk glacier in Glacier Bay between 3400 and 3000 cal yr BP and again about AD 850. The timing of both expansions is consistent with patterns of ice advance at tidewater glaciers in other parts of Alaska and British Columbia about the same time, and with a relative sea-level history from just outside Glacier Bay in Icy Strait. This emerging tree-ring dated history builds on previous radiocarbon-based glacial histories and is the first study to use tree-ring dating to assign calendar dates to glacial activity for Glacier Bay.     

十六位模数转换器AD7705及其应用

AD7705是AD公司最近推出的十六位模数转换器。我们主要介绍了它的功能和特点，给出了基于AD7705实际应用的硬件、软件设计方法，以及部分程序源代码，总结了实际应用中必须注意的几个技术问题。     

OSL dating of the AD 869 Jogan tsunami deposit,northeastern Japan

Sediments deposited by the AD 869 Jogan tsunami offer an opportunity to test the reliability of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of relatively old historical tsunami deposits. We collected a geoslicer sample from sand deposited on the Sendai Plain, northeastern Japan, by the Jogan tsunami and applied quartz OSL dating to it. We then compared the OSL ages with the known age of the tsunami event. In ascending order, the sedimentary sequence in the geoslicer sample consists of the beach–dune sand, lower peat, Jogan tsunami deposit, upper peat, pre-2011 paddy soil, and the 2011 tsunami deposit. To obtain equivalent dose (D_e,bulk), a standard single-aliquot renegerative-dose (SAR) protocol was applied to large aliquots of the 180–250 μm fraction of two samples from the beach–dune sand, and four samples from differing levels of the Jogan tsunami deposit. The OSL decay curves were dominated by the medium component; thus, for two samples from the Jogan deposit the fast-component OSL signal was isolated and used to determine the equivalent dose (D_e,fast). Using D_e,bulk, OSL ages of the tsunami deposit were underestimated by ∼40%, and even the beach–dune sand was dated younger than AD 869. In contrast, D_e,fast provided a robust age estimate with only slight underestimation. A pulse annealing test showed that the bulk and medium-component OSL signals were thermally unstable. The medium component in the natural OSL was clearly truncated in comparison to the regenerated OSL; the medium component is thus considered to be the main cause of the underestimated ages. Similar effects of a dominant medium-component OSL have been reported in tectonically active regions, which are also prone to tsunamis. The effect of this dominance should be carefully considered in quartz OSL dating of tsunami deposits.     

1960年以来青海湖沉积物粒度的时空分布及其控制因素

对大型湖泊盆地沉积物粒度组成进行研究，有助于解读全球致密油气和页岩油气勘探开发与其记录的古气候信息。 文章对青海湖沉积物粒度时空分布进行了详细的研究，通过采集覆盖大部分湖区的27根近现代沉积岩芯，并对湖心的三根 典型沉积岩芯进行了137Cs测定获取沉积岩芯的年龄；基于磁化率地层年龄模式，建立了整个湖区沉积岩芯的年代框架。粒 度分析结果显示，青海湖岩芯沉积物的粒度分布呈多峰，以细颗粒沉积为主，其中粉砂含量60%~70%，粘粒组分为10%~ 35%，砂粒组分低于20%。青海湖沉积物的粒度变化在空间上相对较复杂，中值粒径呈现明显的砂岛附近、西部和西南湖 区高，其他湖区低的特征。在时间上，大体上自1960年到2017年呈现变粗的趋势，砂粒组分增多，粘粒组分减少。这些粒 度的时空变化可能是受风砂活动、流域土壤侵蚀、河流径流变化、湖平面变化和人类活动共同作用而成。     

Determination of Ocean Tide Loading Displacement by GPS PPP with Priori Information Constraint of NAO99b Global Ocean Tide Model

The published global ocean tide models show good agreement in deep oceans and exhibit differences in complex coastal areas, along with subsequent Ocean Tide Loading Displacement (OTLD) modeling differences. Meanwhile, OTLD parameters (amplitudes and phase lags) derived by Global Positioning System (GPS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) approach need long time to converge to a stable state and show poor precision of S2, K1, and K2 constituents. Based on the fact that no constraint is imposed in the current kinematic solution, a new method is put forward, in which global ocean tide model predictions are taken as the priori information constraints to speed up the convergence rate and improve the accuracy of the GPS-derived OTLD parameters. First, the data of tide gauge from 01 January 2014 to 31 December 2016 are used to generate the harmonic parameters to evaluate the accuracy of six global ocean tide models and a regional ocean tide model (osu.chinesea.2010). Osu.chinesea.2010 model shows good agreement with the tide gauge results, while NAO99b model presents relatively large difference. The predictions from osu.chinesea.2010 and NAO99b model are employed as reference and the prior information, respectively. Second, continuous observations of 12 GPS sites during 2006–2013 in Hong Kong are collected to generate three dimensional OTLD amplitudes and phase lags of eight constituents using PPP with prior information constraints approach and harmonic analysis. Third, comparing the convergence time of eight constituents from PPP without and with priori information constraints approaches, the results show that the new method can significantly improve the convergence rate of OTLD amplitude estimates which obtain a certain level of stability seven years earlier than that derived by the PPP without priori information constraints. Precision of OTLD parameters derived by the new method is about 1 mm. By comparing with the precision of single PPP approach, the accuracy of eight constituents has been improved, especially for S2, K1, and K2 constituents. Finally, through comparing the different correction effects of OTLD estimates on the coordinates and their time series of the ground GPS stations, the results show that OTLD estimates derived by the new approach have similar influence as the osu.chinasea.2010 ocean tide model. The new method provides an effective means to improve the convergence and precision of the GPS-derived OTLD parameters, and achieve a similar correction as the high precision ocean tide model.     

1981—2010年东海及毗邻的西北太平洋表层盐度的气候态分布特征

使用SODA表层盐度月平均数据,通过计算逐点逐年盐度均值、月际差,绘制等值线分布图,分析在新的30年气候基准期(1981—2010年),东海及毗邻的西北太平洋海域表层盐度场气候态分布特征,为进一步研究该地区长时间序列的气候变化奠定基础。结果表明:(1)在研究区表层平均盐度从西北到东南逐渐升高,形成3个明显的盐度特征场区:东海大陆架海区、东海黑潮海区以及西北太平洋海区;(2)研究区月际表层盐度存在明显的周期性变化,其中,盐度最小值的周期性规律最显著;(3)在月际变化中,1—4月为盐度高值季节,以3月份盐度最高,为27.5psu;5—8月为盐度低值季节,以8月份盐度最低,为22psu;9—12月为盐度上升季节;(4)依据盐度场的分布,结合地形、气候、海流等特征和前人研究,在研究区选取了22个特征点,从特征点看,位于西北太平洋海区的特征点盐度月振幅最小;位于长江入海口附近的D1和位于杭州湾南部的D2盐度月振幅较大,但D1与D2月际变化曲线呈现较为明显的反相关特征,这可能与长江冲淡水水舌夏季北移抑制苏北沿岸流南下和北上的台湾暖流夏强冬弱有关。     

西藏班戈错近50年来的湖面变化

本文根据大量地形图、遥感图像或遥感数据、连续29个月的水位观测记录、三次水深测量和2003年5 月26日的湖水位高程测量等资料,勾绘了班戈错近50年来的湖岸线变迁和湖面高程变化曲线图。研究表明,自1959 年至2003年9月的近50年间班戈错湖面总体上升,但其间经历了先降后升再略有下降的过程,即自1959年至1973年或稍晚,班戈错一直收缩、湖面下降了0．25 m;自1973年或稍晚至2001年秋,湖面总体上升,其幅度可达1．75 m;其后,湖面又略有下降。班戈错湖面变化的原因难以用其面积较小的流域本身的气温与降水的变化来解释,只能归结为与其有水力联系的母湖色林错流域自1973年起气温的持续上升所引起的主要补给河流扎加藏布源区唐古拉山与巴汝藏布和申扎藏布源区申扎杰岗山的现代冰川的融水释放水量增大使色林错水位上升,因色林错与班戈错之间有一定的水力联系而引起班戈错水位上升。