20世纪初叶以来中国地理学研究范式特征与发展

“范式”一词于20世纪70年代由库恩基于科学哲学提出,并逐渐为科学界接受。同时,各学科学者借用库恩的“范式”概念和“研究程序”思想而构建出本学科的研究范式。因此,使得各学科间的研究范式既具有相对独立性又存在联系性。地理学也因此形成自己的研究范式。中国近现代地理学作为世界地理学的重要组成部分,深受其思想与方法的影响。因此,系统地认识20世纪初叶以来我国地理学研究范式的发展历程十分必要。采用“历史”与“逻辑”统一的原则对地理学研究范式的含义与意义及我国地理学研究范式历史的认识进行研究得出：中国地理学经历了区域因果关系范式到空间范式的继承与转变;我国近现代地理学范式的发展始终是“显范式”（冠予“范式”一词的研究方法）与“潜范式”（未冠予“范式”一词的研究方法）并存发展的;我国人文地理学研究范式与应用多以“显范式”为主,自然地理学多以“潜范式”为主;所有地理学研究范式都遵循地理学空间思想指导;未来地理学研究范式将朝向定量化、技术化、空间化、社会性和文化性方向及格局、过程、机制及模拟发展,朝向科学第四范式迈进。     

应用Penman公式对江西省太阳总辐射变化特征的探讨

利用1961～2000年赣州站、南昌站的年太阳总辐射与相关气象要素资料,结合Penman公式,运用6种计算净长波辐射的方法估算了两站的年太阳总辐射;建立了估算该地区年太阳总辐射的绝对误差权重法（Method of Absolute Errors,MAE）,并给出了适用于江西省的绝对误差权重系数,以此方法计算了江西省其他76站的年太阳总辐射;并分析了该地区年太阳总辐射的时空分布特征及其变化趋势,发现：（1）1961~2000年间,江西省大部分地区太阳总辐射在3800～4400 MJ·m-2·a-1;南部偏东地区较大,且存在有一大值中心;西部地区为江西省太阳总辐射最小的地区;（2）40年间,江西省年太阳总辐射呈明显下降趋势,每10年减少143.70 MJ·m-2。78站中,有63站的太阳总辐射的下降趋势通过了α=0.05的显著性检验,8站表现为上升趋势;江西省北部及南部地区太阳总辐射下降较大;中部地区下降相对较小,且在鄱阳湖东侧有一低值中心。     

离子分布函数的20矩近似在非相干散射谱中的应用

根据Grad理论,以麦克斯韦分布函数为基,将离子分布函数展成20矩近似的形式,讨论了黏滞张量项与热流项对离子分布函数的影响.在电场比较弱的情况下,沿着E×B和E的方向上,热流矢量项和黏滞张量项是可以分别忽略掉的.离子温度的各向异性特征和分布函数的不对称性是由黏滞项和热流项引起的.利用Sheffield理论计算得到了非相干散射谱,并对13矩近似和20矩近似得到的非相干散射谱进行了对比.在电场比较弱的情况下,这两种近似基本一致,而当电场增强时,热流张量项的贡献变得很明显,温度各向异性的特征加剧.此时与13矩近似相比较,20矩近似能够更加准确地描述以温度各向异性为特性的非麦克斯韦分布等离子体.     

芦山7级地震的同震位移估计和震源滑动模型反演尝试

利用自动经验基线校正方法,分析2013年4月20日芦山M_S7.0级地震13个近场强震动台的观测资料,以估算同震位移场分布,并据此反演了震源滑动模型.经与GPS结果比较,两种不同方法给出的芦山7级地震的水平近场同震位移场幅度都不超过cm级,均显示为典型的逆冲型地震（兼有少量左旋走滑错动）.强震最大水平和垂直永久位移分别为4.9 cm和4.4 cm,分别出现在51YAM台和51QLY 台.两种资料反演的震源滑动模型虽显示多事件特征,但主要滑动均集中在第一次事件,即初始滑动点两侧的走向长约30 km、倾向长约25 km的相对集中的较小范围内,强震和GPS模型的最大滑动量分别为1.14 m和1.09 m,较为一致.其余子事件滑动量小且分布零散,不能排除其数值效应的因素.反演矩震级均在M_w6.7左右,地表破裂应该不明显.文章还讨论了目前在我国利用近场强震动记录估计M_w6~7级地震同震位移场存在的困难和问题,为今后类似工作提供参考.     

Crop cover reconstruction and its effects on sediment retention in the Tibetan Plateau for 1900–2000

Geographically explicit historical land use and land cover datasets are increasingly required in studies of climatic and ecological effects of human activities. In this study, using historical population data as a proxy, the provincial cropland areas of Qinghai province and the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) for 1900, 1930, and 1950 were estimated. The cropland areas of Qinghai and the TAR for 1980 and 2000 were obtained from published statistical data with revisions. Using a land suitability for cultivation model, the provincial cropland areas for the 20th century were converted into crop cover datasets with a resolution of 1 × 1 km. Finally, changes of sediment retention due to crop cover change were assessed using the sediment delivery ratio module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (In- VEST) model (version 3.3.1). There were two main results. (1) For 1950–1980 the fractional cropland area increased from 0.32% to 0.48% and land use clearly intensified in the Tibetan Plateau (TP), especially in the Yellow River–Huangshui River Valley (YHRV) and the midstream of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries valley (YRTT). For other periods of the 20th century, stability was the main trend. (2) For 1950–1980, sediment export increased rapidly in the Minhe autonomous county of the YHRV, and in the Nianchu River and Lhasa River basins of the YRTT, which means that sediment retention clearly decreased in these regions over this period. The results of this assessment provide scientific support for conservation planning, development planning, or restoration activities.     

中国西北地区近50年夏季0 ℃层高度及气温时空变化特征

采用1960-2009 年112 个地面观测站和21 个探空站气象资料,分析中国西北地区近50 年夏季0 ℃层高度和平均气温变化趋势。结果表明：西北地区近50 年来夏季0 ℃层高度平均值为4675.7 m,在1987 年以前表现为下降趋势,平均每年下降5.6 m,而1987 年以后表现为显著的上升趋势,平均每年上升2.6 m;夏季平均气温与0 ℃层高度变化趋势大致相同,西北气候显著转型前后表现出相反的变化趋势,且1987 年以来夏季平均气温增加急剧,平均每10 年上升0.53 ℃。1960 年以来夏季0 ℃层高度在北京时间08 时该区大部分地区表现出显著的上升趋势,而在20时大部分地区表现出相反的变化趋势,1987 年以来在08 时和20 时大部分地区夏季0 ℃层高度都为上升趋势;50 年来大部分地区夏季平均气温都表现为上升趋势,乌鲁木齐和秦巴山地则表现为显著的下降趋势。西北不同气候区的夏季0 ℃层高度和平均气温变化也有一定的差异。西北地区夏季0 ℃层高度和平均气温具有较好相关性,东部季风区相关性最差,青藏高寒区最好。     

The response of annual runoff to the height change of the summertime 0°C level over Xinjiang

According to climate features and river runoff conditions, Xinjiang could be divided into three research areas: The Altay-Tacheng region, the Tianshan Mountain region and the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. Utilizing daily observations from 12 sounding stations and the annual runoff dataset from 34 hydrographical stations in Xinjiang for the period 1960–2002, the variance of the summertime 0°C level height and the changing trends of river runoff are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, through trend contrast of curves processed by a 5-point smoothing procedure and linear correlation. The variance of the summertime 0°C level height in Xinjiang correlates well with that of the annual river runoff, especially since the early 1990s, but it differs from region to region, with both the average height of the 0°C level and runoff quantity significantly increasing over time in the Altay-Tacheng and Tianshan Mountain regions but decreasing on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. The correlation holds for the whole of Xinjiang as well as the three individual regions, with a 0.01 significance level. This indicates that in recent years, climate change in Xinjiang has affected not only the surface layer but also the upper levels of the atmosphere, and this raising and lowering of the summertime 0°C level has a direct impact on the warming and wetting process in Xinjiang and the amount of river runoff. Warming due to climate change increases the height of the 0°C level, but also speeds up, ice-snow melting in mountain regions, which in turn increases river runoff, leading to a season of plentiful water instead of the more normal low flow period.     

非节肢类海洋无脊椎动物中蜕皮甾体及其功能研究

非节肢类海洋无脊椎动物的许多物种中都发现有蜕皮甾体的存在,且存在形式多样,但目前对其确切来源、生物体内的合成或加工途径仍缺乏足够的了解,在生长发育、生殖活动及其他生理功能中如何发挥作用也需要进一步研究。分子生物学和全基因组测序的发展为蜕皮甾体合成途径重要酶类及蜕皮激素信号传导所需受体研究提供了更多的信息,以帮助科学家逐步阐明相关机制。     

The flexible global ocean-atmosphere-land system model, Grid-point Version 2: FGOALS-g2

This study mainly introduces the development of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model: Grid-point Version 2 (FGOALS-g2) and the preliminary evaluations of its performances based on results from the pre-industrial control run and four members of historical runs according to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) experiment design. The results suggest that many obvious improvements have been achieved by the FGOALS-g2 compared with the previous version,FGOALS-g1, including its climatological mean states, climate variability, and 20th century surface temperature evolution. For example,FGOALS-g2 better simulates the frequency of tropical land precipitation, East Asian Monsoon precipitation and its seasonal cycle, MJO and ENSO, which are closely related to the updated cumulus parameterization scheme, as well as the alleviation of uncertainties in some key parameters in shallow and deep convection schemes, cloud fraction, cloud macro/microphysical processes and the boundary layer scheme in its atmospheric model. The annual cycle of sea surface temperature along the equator in the Pacific is significantly improved in the new version. The sea ice salinity simulation is one of the unique characteristics of FGOALS-g2, although it is somehow inconsistent with empirical observations in the Antarctic.     

二十世纪深圳气温变化特征及严重冷暖冬事件

利用香港、澳门平均气温长序列资料，采用回归订正法将深圳平均气温序列延长到100多年，分析显示，深圳100年来气温呈上升趋势，年平均气温线性倾向达到0．6℃／100年，年平均气温、夏秋冬气温在1980’s后期至1990’s显著升高，夏秋气温升幅最大，春季气温升幅较小，且100多年发生的严重／异常的冷／暖冬事件中，严重／异常冷冬有2／3发生在上半世纪以前，严重／异常暖冬则有2／3发生在下半世纪，1990’s共出现4次。