Lacustrine oxygen isotope record of 20th-century climate change in central EuropeL evaluation of climatic controls on oxygen isotopes in precipitation

We report oxygen isotope data from a 108-yr (1885–1993) sequence with annual laminae of bio-induced authigenic calcite in a frozen core from Baldeggersee, a small lake in Central Switzerland. These isotope results provide proxy data on the isotopic composition of past precipitation in the Baldeggersee catchment region and are quantitatively compared with instrumental climate data (i.e. mean annual air temperature and atmospheric circulation pattern indices) to evaluate climatic controls on oxygen isotopes in precipitation.Monitoring the isotope hydrology of Baldeggersee demonstrates that the oxygen isotopic composition of the lake water is controlled by the isotopic composition of local atmospheric precipitation (¹⁸O_p) and that the isotopic signal of precipitation is preserved, albeit damped, in the lake calcite oxygen isotope record (¹⁸O_c). Comparison of the calcite oxygen isotope proxy for ¹⁸O_p in the catchment with historical mean annual air temperature measurements from Bern, Switzerland confirms that authigenic calcite reliably records past annual air temperature in the region. This ¹⁸O_c/temperature relationship is calculated to be 0.39/°C for the period 1900–1960, based on an isotope mass-balance model for Baldeggersee. An exception is a 0.8 anomalous negative shift in calcite ¹⁸O values since the 1960s. Possible explanations for this recent ¹⁸O_c shift, as it is not related to mean annual air temperature, include changes in ¹⁸O_p due to synoptic circulation patterns. In particular, the 0.8 negative shift coincides with a trend towards a more dominant North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. This circulation pattern would tend to bring more isotopically more negative winter precipitation to the region and could account for the 0.8 offset in ¹⁸O_c data.     

A mathematical and numerical model for reactive fluid flow systems

We formulate mathematical and numerical models for multispecies, multi-phase and non-isothermal reactive fluid flow in porous media focusing on the chemical reactions and the transport of solutes. Mass conservation and stability in the time integration are emphasized. We use cell-centered finite volume differencing in space and an implicit Runge-Kutta method in time. Assuming two space dimensions, we introduce flux approximation for arbitrarily shaped convex quadrilaterals. On equidistant and variable sized rectangular grids we choose limited κ= related schemes to approximate the advective flux and the central difference scheme for the diffusive flux. On non-rectangular grids we recommend the VF9 scheme for the estimation of the diffusive flux. Our model exists as a code. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Wave forecasting at the Spanish coasts

A wave forecasting system developed by Puertos del Estado (The Spanish holding of harbours) to predict waves at the coast is run in a twice a day cycle with a forecasting horizon of 72 h. This system is driven by wind fields supplied by the Spanish Meteorological Service from the HIRLAM model. Nested within this model a set of local forecasting systems, one for each harbour, covering an area of around 25 × 25 km, has been developed. The narrowness of the Spanish continental shelf requires very high resolution grids to be applied to localised regions near the coast. This fact involves the use of modelling techniques that makes this forecasting system different from other systems implemented in other regions. This article describes the wave forecasting system and the different techniques developed at Puertos del Estado to implement it.     

桶形基础采油平台三维有限元稳定性计算分析

采用三维有限元计算方法对CB20B桶形基础海上采油平台进行了稳定性计算分析。平台工作期间在外部荷载如风力、波浪、冰力、海流等作用下,其抗倾、抗滑稳定性不仅与平台的整体结构有关,而且和海底土体的力学特性以及结构与土体的相互作用密切相关。分析结果表明CB20B桶形基础平台在设计条件下运行是较为稳定的。     

塔里木河流域水面蒸发折算系数分析

根据阿克苏上游水库1982-1987年,塔门镇2000-2002年同步观测的20m²水面蒸发池和直径20cm小型蒸发器水面蒸发资料,估算了直径20cm小型蒸发器对20m²水面蒸发池的水面蒸发折算系数,分析了其变化特征,并与北疆哈地坡及我国新蒙区年水面蒸发折算系数进行了对比。结果表明,塔里木盆地冻结期(4~10月)的水面蒸发虽然微弱,但不能忽略,水面蒸发折算系数在非冻结期逐月增大,年际变化较小,但呈现逐年下降的趋势。该结果可供塔里木河流域水量平衡研究、水资源评价、生态需水计算时参考。     

河系几何相似性的层次度量方法

已有的线群目标几何相似性度量方法主要基于数理统计的思想,通过统计整体变化信息计算几何相似性,缺少对局域特征的表达,并不适用于具有高度分形特征的河系。为此,本文将河系几何特征划分为3层次的信息特征：单条河流的形状特征、局部区域的结构特征、全局范围的分布特征。首先,结合角链码法与Hausdorff距离计算单条河流的形状相似度;然后,根据 “二八定律”确定局部特征区域,通过坐标系转换计算M： N的河系局域结构相似度;最后综合整体描述子得到全局分布相似度,并在该基础上,构建差异指标进行河系多尺度相似性计算与综合质量评价。实验表明,该方法的计算结果优于均值指标法,能有效应用于制图综合的质量评价。     

基于水下光纤应变监测的导管架结构总冰力测量方法

基于测量结构水下光纤应变获取冰力的方法首次应用于渤海JZ20-2NW加锥导管架平台,该方法方便进行零点标定,可获取结构总冰力的绝对信息(包括均值和波动值)。首先介绍了JZ20-2NW平台的现场监测系统,主要包括结构水下应变响应记录冰力信息,甲板上部视频记录同步冰情(冰厚、冰速和来冰方向)信息和拾振器记录结构冰振响应;重点分析了由测点应变向结构总冰力的转化方法,并对总冰力进行了初步分析。将无量纲化实测冰力与5种典型冰力计算模型进行了比较,分析结果表明,锥体宽度与海冰厚度比值(简称"宽厚比")对冰力大小及变化起决定作用。     

85-GHz BIMA observations of the double-hotspot radio galaxy 3C 20

We present 85-GHz observations of the archetypal double-hotspot radio source 3C 20 made with the BIMA millimetre array. The resolution of BIMA allows us to separate the two components of the eastern hotspot. By comparing the BIMA observations with existing VLA data, we show that the spectra of the two hotspot components are very similar, despite the clear differences in their radio structure and their wide separation. We discuss the implications for models of double hotspot formation. Weak emission from the lobes of 3C 20 is detected at 85 GHz, at a level consistent with the predictions of standard spectral ageing models.