三次观测站02时气温插补方法的比较分析

现行的国家级地面气象观测站网（共2416个站）包括基准站、基本站和一般站,其中1590个一般站（占总站数的65.8%）夜间不观测,但是按照《地面气象观测规范》的规定,在计算日平均气温时,必须通过数学方法给02时赋一个替代值或近似值,这种赋值过程无形中会带来计算误差。本文利用1961—2009年陕西19个国家基本/基准站的定时气温资料,对这种赋值误差进行定量评估分析,并通过多种方案的比较,提出新的赋值（或称插补）方法。结果表明：（1）传统方法所赋予的02时气温替代值比实测值偏高,19个站平均偏高0.77℃;（2）台站所处的纬度,以及季节、天气状况所引起的辐射强弱的差异,通过赋值变量（前一日20时气温）的传导,较明显地影响着02时气温的赋值误差;（3）用逐步回归分析方法,将传统方法的平均加权法调整为多因子非对称加权,显著减小了前一日20时气温的权重,降低了辐射强弱的影响,赋值与实测值更为接近,19个站平均偏差近似为零;新的回归方程对月平均气温、年平均气温产生一定的修正作用,年平均气温值可调降0.1～0.4℃,月平均气温甚至可下降0.5℃。     

超强台风“圣帕”引发温州类龙卷的特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°6h再分析资料、多普勒天气雷达资料及FY-2C卫星TBB资料,分析了2007年8月18日23:10(北京时,下同)～23:20在0709号超强台风"圣帕(Sepat)"外围温州市龙港镇诱生类龙卷。诊断分析表明,类龙卷发生地所处环境特征为高层辐散、低层辐合、从低层一直延展到高层的强烈上升运动、超低空强垂直风切变等;雷达连续跟踪探测到气旋式速度存在由中层向低层发展的现象,该中气旋中伴有明显的相邻方位角速度切变,尽管没有满足龙卷涡旋特征(TVS)的所有指标,但强烈的旋转风在极短时间由高层向低层迅速发展下传,进而产生超级单体龙卷。     

Spatial Differentiation Patterns of Agricultural Industry Demonstration Towns in China

Industrial prosperity is the foundation of rural revitalization. Taking the 552 agricultural industry demonstration towns (AIDTs) as the research object, this paper explores the spatial layout and influence mechanism of AIDTs in China. The research is of great significance to the layout of China’s agricultural industry and the revitalization of the rural agricultural industry. This paper adopts the ArcGIS 10.3 spatial analysis method to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics, density characteristics, spatial complexity, and spatial correlation of AIDTs in China. (1) The spatial distribution of AIDTs tends to be condensed distribution with remarkable spatial differentiation. (2) The kernel density of China’s AIDTs is characterized by multiple independent mononuclear centers, secondary centered bands, and sporadic distribution. (3) The AIDTs system is characterized by scaleless areas, significant fractal features, and complexity of spatial structure. (4) The AIDTs belong to positive spatial correlation present different patterns of cold and hot spots with the more concentrated spatial distribution. The research indicates that the spatial distribution pattern of China’s AIDTs is highly consistent with the distribution of major grain-producing areas. It is mainly determined by factors such as good natural conditions, convenient water resources, and good regional advantages and continuously implemented agricultural industry reform. With the “three changes” reform (i.e. change resources into assets, funds into shares, and farmers into shareholders) proposed by Liupanshui City in Guizhou Province in March 2015 as a strategy, take the agricultural industry scale development model and adheres to the guidance of the agricultural industry to contribute to rural revitalization. The research results are of essential guiding significance for China’s agricultural industry reform, agricultural economic development, rural revitalization, and the characteristics of agricultural industry layout.     

面向OBE培养理念的《数字摄影测量》课程改革

《数字摄影测量》课程需要学生不仅要掌握基本的理论知识,而且具有较强的实际动手能力.结合武汉大学遥感科学与技术专业的定位,针对国际工程专业认证的具体要求,探讨了《数字摄影测量》课程教学大纲的修订,并设计了一套以产出为导向的学生综合能力培养的考核模式,加强了对学生能力和素质的评价.提出的改革措施对相关专业的培养模式革新有一...     

Stokes和Hotine积分离散求和的快速算法

提出了一种用于Stokes积分和Hotine积分直接离散求和的快速算法。该算法将积分核表达为计算点纬度、流动点纬度和两点间经度差的函数,充分利用核函数的对称性,相同纬度的所有计算点只需计算一组核函数,计算次数远少于普通离散求和。基于EGM2008地球重力位模型的模拟实验表明,快速算法的计算效率远高于普通算法,有效解决了离散求和计算速度太慢的数值问题,且保留了球面积分的特性,可取代一维FFT用于计算Stokes积分和Hotine积分。     

Landscapes of transhumance in Norway and Spain: Farmers' practices,perceptions, and value orientations

The mountain areas of Europe have been of vital importance in the system of summer farming whereby the movement of livestock between different altitudinal levels is a key element. However, summer farming has been downscaled considerably during the 20th century. The article describes two areas where summer farming is still practised: Forollhogna in Norway, and Asturias in Spain. The authors document the transhumance system in the two areas, and investigate how farmers view the summer farming system and landscape, how they relate to nature protection, and whether specific value orientations can be detected in their views. The findings show that the logic behind summer farming is the same in both areas: economic motivation and access to grazing grounds. With regard to nature and landscape protection, the opinion that wild nature is given priority and that ‘managed nature’ of transhumance is overlooked was found in both areas, although it was expressed more strongly in Asturias than in Forollhogna. Opinions and ideals related to ‘good farming’ were found in both contexts, and were reflected in well-kept fields and productive and healthy livestock.     

甘肃省灵台县邵寨南井田煤系沉积规律

甘肃省灵台县邵寨南井田为黄陇侏罗纪煤田彬长矿区的南西延伸部分。井田内延安组为一套河沼型沉积的陆相含煤岩系。以大量钻孔资料为基础,对井田内煤系沉积、井田构造、煤系及主可采煤层与构造的关系等特征进行了分析研究,总结了井田内煤系沉积规律,对以后矿井建设提供参考。     

Remote sensing application to estimate the volume of water in the form of snow on Mount Lebanon / Application de la télédétection à l’estimation du volume d’eau sous forme de neige sur le Mont Liban

Abstract

Abstract At least one-quarter of the Lebanese terrain is covered by snow annually, thus contributing integrally to feeding surface and subsurface water resources. However, only limited estimates of snow cover have been carried out and applied locally. The use of remote sensing has enhanced significantly the delineation of snow cover over the mountains. Several satellite images and sensors are used in this respect. In this study, SPOT-4 (1-km resolution) satellite images are used. They have the capability to acquire consecutive images every 10 days, thus monitoring the dynamic change of snow and its maximum coverage could be achieved. This was applied to Mount Lebanon for the years 2001–2002. The areas covered by snow were delineated, and then manipulated with the slope angle and altitudes in order to classify five major zones of snowmelt potential. The field investigation was carried out in each zone by measuring depths and snow/water ratio. A volume of around 1100 × 10⁶ m³ of water was derived from snowmelt over the given period. This is equivalent to a precipitation rate of about 425 mm in the region, revealing the considerable portion of water that is derived from snowmelt.     

Simple water balance modelling of surface reservoir systems in a large data-scarce semiarid region / Modélisation simple du bilan hydrologique de systèmes de réservoirs de surface dans une grande région semi-aride pauvre en données

Abstract

Abstract Water resources in dryland areas are often provided by numerous surface reservoirs. As a basis for securing future water supply, the dynamics of reservoir systems need to be simulated for large river basins, accounting for environmental change and an increasing water demand. For the State of Ceará in semiarid Northeast Brazil, with several thousands of reservoirs, a simple deterministic water balance model is presented. Within a cascade-type approach, the reservoirs are grouped into six classes according to storage capacity, rules for flow routing between reservoirs of different size are defined, and water withdrawal and return flow due to human water use is accounted for. While large uncertainties in model applications exist, particularly in terms of reservoir operation rules, model validation against observed reservoir storage volumes shows that the approach is a reasonable simplification to assess surface water availability in large river basins. The results demonstrate the large impact of reservoir storage on downstream flow and stress the need for a coupled simulation of runoff generation, network redistribution and water use.     

天宝电子水准仪沉降观测数据平差程序

介绍了用Excel处理电子水准仪沉降观测数据的有关方法和技巧,其特点是:结合咸阳市勘察测绘院电子水准仪的实际应用情况,有针对性地编写了相关程序,弥补了电子水准仪数据处理方面的不足,提高了生产效率和产品质量.