延安典型丹霞地貌景观特征及发育演化研究

本文是在延安典型丹霞地貌景观特征分析的基础上, 采用宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al技术获得暴露年龄和侵蚀速率, 研究“黄土覆盖型沟谷丹霞”地貌景观的演化历史。研究结果显示: 延安典型丹霞地貌的类型有狭缝式、石蘑菇式、天生桥式, 其中狭缝式丹霞的景观特征为“窄狭、多弯、韵律、多彩”, 同时也是典型的“黄土覆盖型沟谷丹霞”, 石蘑菇式丹霞造型奇特, 天生桥式丹霞地貌整体规模宏大, 这两者发育都严格受控于垂直节理和外力作用的侵蚀; 运用宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al技术, 计算获得志丹猫巷狭缝式丹霞地貌的暴露年代有两期, 分别为(0.75±18)~(0.83±0.14) ka和(1.14±13)~(1.29±0.30) ka, 安塞王家湾石蘑菇式丹霞地貌暴露年代为(1.76±0.45)~(1.77±0.15) ka, 这两处丹霞地貌暴露地表的年代都在全新世(Qh), 前者晚于后者, 地貌较年青; 运用宇宙成因核素10Be-26Al计算获得两处典型丹霞地貌侵蚀速率为(39±3.3)~(104±24.4) cm·ka–1, 与目前国内外学者研究地表和基岩得到的侵蚀速率对比, 这两处典型丹霞地貌的侵蚀速率较大, 结果还有待进一步研究; 延安典型丹霞地貌景观发育的演化始于白垩纪红层的堆积, 大致都经历了四个演化阶段, 初步揭示了地质构造、上覆黄土盖层以及流水等多种因素共同控制和影响延安典型丹霞地貌的形成, 演化阶段总体都处于青年晚期。     

地下水超采区水位长趋势动态分析

地下水多年过量开采水位持续下降, 不仅在观测资料中叠加了大量的疑似地震前兆, 严重地压低了来自孕震体的信息, 而且使正常的地震长、 中、 短周期变化背景扭曲, 前兆异常更加难辨。 本研究采用“线性拟合去趋势方法”对水位多年观测资料进行了分析。 分析结果表明, 线性拟合去趋势后水位10年左右的准周期结构清楚, 能有效地排除地下水超采的影响, 突出正常趋势变化背景, 放大潮汐信息量, 便于识别地震前兆。     

Sedimentation within and among mangrove forests along a gradient of geomorphological settings

Coastal wetlands provide important ecological services to the coastal zone, one of which is sediment retention. In this study we investigated sediment retention across a range of geomorphological settings and across vegetation zones comprising coastal wetlands. We selected six coastal wetlands dominated by mangroves over a gradient from riverine to tidal settings in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Each site was comprised of three distinct vegetation communities distributed as parallel zones to the coast line: seaward fringe mangroves, landward scrub mangroves and saltmarsh/ cyanobacteria mat of the high intertidal zone. We measured suspended sediment retention and sedimentation rates. Additionally, in order to assess the origin of sediment transported and deposited in the mangroves, glomalin, a novel terrestrial soil carbon tracer, was used. Our results show a mean average sedimentation of 0.64 ± 0.01 mg cm⁻² spring tide⁻¹, which was variable within sites, regardless of geomorphological setting. However, geomorphological setting influenced spatial patterns of sediment deposition. Riverine mangroves had a more homogeneous distribution of sediments across the intertidal zone than tidal mangroves, where most sedimentation occurred in the fringe zone. Overall, the fringe zone retained the majority of sediment entering the coastal wetland during a tidal cycle with 0.90 ± 0.22 mg cm⁻² spring tide⁻¹, accounting for 52.5 ± 12.5% of the total sedimentation. The presence of glomalin in suspended sediments, and thus the relative importance of terrigenous sediment, was strongly influenced by geomorphological setting, with riverine mangroves receiving more glomalin in suspended solids than tidal mangroves. Glomalin was also differentially deposited within the vegetation zones at different geomorphological settings: primarily at the fringe zone of tidal mangroves and within the scrub zone of riverine mangroves. The differences we observed in the spatial distribution of sedimentation and the difference in the origin of the sediment deposited in riverine and tidal mangroves are likely to have an impact on ecological processes.     

Process-based model for nearshore hydrodynamics, sediment transport and morphological evolution in the surf and swash zones

Hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the nearshore zone were modeled numerically taking into account turbulent unsteady flow. The flow field was computed using the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations with a k–ε turbulence closure model, while the free surface was tracked using the Volume-Of-Fluid technique. This hydrodynamical model was supplemented with a cross-shore sediment transport formula to calculate profile changes and sediment transport in the surf and swash zones. Based on the numerical solutions, flow characteristics and the effects of breaking waves on sediment transport were studied. The main characteristic of breaking waves, i.e. the instantaneous sediment transport rate, was investigated numerically, as was the spatial distribution of time-averaged sediment transport rates for different grain sizes. The analysis included an evaluation of different values of the wave friction factor and an empirical constant characterizing the uprush and backwash. It was found that the uprush induces a larger instantaneous transport rate than the backwash, indicating that the uprush is more important for sediment transport than the backwash. The results of the present model are in reasonable agreement with other numerical and physical models of nearshore hydrodynamics. The model was found to predict well cross-shore sediment transport and thus it provides a tool for predicting beach morphology change.     

EPR 9°～10°N L喷口黑烟囱体形成环境重建:来自矿物学及铅-210年龄的限制

为了重建EPR 9°~10°N L喷口的形成环境,采用矿物学、地球化学及年代学的方法,对黑烟囱体的矿物组成、矿物结构、元素剖面分布以及黑烟囱体内外层铅-210测年进行了研究。矿物学观察表明,该喷口烟囱体内壁主要由方黄铜矿组成,而外壁则主要由硬石膏组成。铅-210测年结果表明,烟囱体形成于EPR 9°~10°N区域内1991年的火山喷发事件之后,并有较低的生长速率,约为0.3cm/a。结合该喷口及其附近A喷口已发表资料认为,该烟囱体开始生长是由于蒸气相流体引起的,其后期受到卤水相流体的影响,而且流体温度应不小于330℃。     

Restoration of tidal freshwater vegetation using controlled reduced tide (CRT) along the Schelde Estuary (Belgium)

Throughout the world, tidal marshes are being restored to obtain natural protection against recurring storm surges and sea level rise and to preserve the resources these habitats provide. Managed realignment, or breaching of the seaward dikes, is a restoration technique increasingly used; yet unsuitable site elevation has been a major constraint to habitat development. Controlled reduced tide (CRT), a new technique to implement tidal regime on low elevated sites, could offer solutions for several problems associated with reconstruction or mitigation of tidal marshes.     

Preliminary study on the erratic exposure ages of Grove Mountains, East Antarctica

The first study of erratic boulder exposure ages in the Grove Mountains,interior Antarctica,indicates the two erratic boulders(060131-1 and 060131-2,collected from a typical nunataks,Zakharoff Ridge in the Grove Mountains) have 10Be minimum exposure ages of 1.24±0.11 Ma,1.37±0.12 Ma,and 26Al ages of 0.90±0.12 Ma,0.44±0.04 Ma,respectively.Meanwhile,another erratic boulder sample 060131-4,coming from vicinal ice surface,has 10Be and 26Al minimum exposure ages of 0.47±0.3 Ma and 0.44±0.04 Ma,respectively.The e...     

黑龙江省玉米干旱与低温冷害复合逆境对产量的影响

利用1981—2016年黑龙江省玉米农业气象观测站的资料,引入中华人民共和国气象行业标准中水分亏缺指数(KCWDI)、≥10℃积温距平(H)指标,分别对玉米出苗—乳熟期干旱、低温冷害进行判识,规定同一站、同一年内干旱、冷害均有发生为两种灾害复合发生,并分析其时空分布特征,以数理统计方法构建KCWDI和H与玉米产量的关系...     

The impact of the Sustainable Development Goals on a network of 276 international organizations

Global sustainability governance is marked by a highly fragmented system of distinct clusters of international organizations, along with states and other actors. Enhancing inter-organizational coordination and cooperation is thus often recognized as an important reform challenge in global sustainability governance. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals, agreed by the United Nations in 2015, thus explicitly aim at advancing policy coherence and institutional integration among the myriad international institutions. Yet, have these goals been effective in this regard? We assess here the impact of the Sustainable Development Goals on the network structure of 276 international organizations in the period 2012–2019, that is, four years before and four years after the launch of the Sustainable Development Goals. The network structure was approximated by analyzing data from the websites of these 276 international organizations that were joined by more than 1.5 million hyperlinks, which we collected using a custom-made web crawler. Our findings are contrary to what is widely expected from the Sustainable Development Goals: we find that fragmentation has in fact increased after the Sustainable Development Goals came into effect. In addition, silos are increasing around the 17 SDGs as well as around the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.