基于SWAT模型的天目湖流域径流模拟分析

SWAT模型作为一种分布式水文模型已被国内外学者广泛应用于流域尺度的水文模拟分析。本文以天目湖流域为研究区,用DEM、土地利用等空间数据及CMADS中的气象数据等属性数据,在SWAT-CUP中通过率定、验证等方法,对该流域2009-2018年的径流进行了模拟。本次率定的决定系数R²为0.68,Nash-Suttcliffe效率系数NS为0.66,验证的R²为0.70,NS为0.65。率定和验证的两个评价参数都大于0.5,说明本次模拟结果较好,对天目湖流域内总磷、总氮等污染物的模拟数据进行分析是可行的,这可为当地的水资源规划和水资源可持续发展提供参考。     

渭河支流黑河径流变化特征分析

渭河支流黑河是西安市重要水源地,通过分析径流变化特征,为黑河流域水资源调度和生态保护高质量发展提供依据。采用线性回归法、滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、累积距平法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法和R/S等方法分析黑峪口水文站1950-2015年径流量的历史演变规律、突变点和未来变化趋势。结果表明：黑峪口站径流量年内分配不均,主要集中在汛期(6-10月),占全年径流量的70%。1950-1960年之间年代径流量大于多年均,属偏丰年代;1990-2010年之间年代径流量小于多年均值,属偏枯年代。年径流量呈现增加-波动-增加-减小的变化过程,且存在1992年突变点。年和月径流量均为减少趋势,除9月径流量减少趋势未通过显著性检验外,其余均为显著性减少,汛期减少幅度小于非汛期。年和月径流量Hurst指数均大于0.5,汛期径流量Hurst指数整体上小于非汛期,表明黑峪口站未来年和月径流量具有持续下降的趋势,汛期径流量持续性减少的趋势要小于非汛期。     

洮河流域生态保护与高质量发展问题探析

洮河流域是黄河的重要的水源涵养区,是甘肃省中部干旱地区的重要水源区。但由于缺乏统一管理,造成流域水资源利用效率低下,生态环境日趋恶化,防洪形式严峻,水电站无序发展,流域综合管理薄弱,经济发展滞后等一系列问题。针对新时期黄河流域生态环境保护与高质量发展要求,提出了构建坚强的生态保护体系、水资源安全保障体系、防洪减灾体系、智慧水利管理体系和讲好洮河故事等任务,提出了将洮河流域纳入国家级生态补偿区、增加流域生态保护经费和建立甘肃省洮河流域水资源管理局等政策建议。     

滦河潘家口水库控制流域水量与污染物负荷模型构建及率定

由于水质时空监测资料缺乏,采用水文水质模型模拟的方式揭示污染物负荷的主要贡献是流域管理的重要手段。本文以滦河潘家口水库控制流域为研究背景,根据水文气象、下垫面及水质监测等数据,构建了流域SWAT水文水质模拟模型,采用实测径流和水质监测资料对模型进行参数率定和验证,结果表明：径流模拟的R²和NSE均大于0.50,尤其是潘家口水库入库径流模拟的精度在0.79以上。各水质监测断面TP模拟的R²在0.57以上,TN模拟的R²在0.61以上,说明构建的SWAT水文水质模型能够反映流域水文过程及污染物迁移转化过程,研究结果可为潘家口水库污染物来源分析及水资源管理提供科学依据。     

新疆白杨河流域达坂城地下水文参数及出流测评

新疆白杨河流域达坂城位于天山博格达峰山前冲击、洪积山间盆地干旱区,源于天山多支源流汇集于盆地南端峡口,形成下游并由有多支流沿程补给白杨河干流,穿越极端干旱戈壁荒漠托克逊县直至末端吐鲁番市境内尾闾—艾丁湖,是我国典型少有干旱极端干旱叠加型流域灌区。为探寻流域上游达坂城地下水文地质特征,基于潜水非完整井观测抽水试验,采用裘布衣模型和正交试验评估地下水含水层主要水文地质参数及单井出流能力。结果表明,高崖子和阿克苏河段潜水层地下水文地质平均含水层厚度H、渗透系数K和导水系数T分别为10～11 m、18～21 m/d和200～203 m/d,含水层厚度变幅与井水深动态相呼应,单井流量丰富且与渗透系数K和导水系数T相互影响较大,地下含水层渗透速率处于较高水平状态,与河流河床多戈壁砂砾地质吻合,为流域上游达坂城源流区地下水文地质及出流评估提供依据。     

西咸新区沣河流域水资源时空分布特点及开发利用状况探析

为研究西咸新区沣河流域水资源问题,基于2017年基础统计数据,综合水资源调查评价相关成果,对区域水资源时空分布特点、开发利用潜力及存在问题进行分析,结果表明：区域水资源时空分布不均,年际变化大,年内分配不均,河道枯水流量较小,沣河含沙量较小。区域地表水开发利用条件不好,水资源总量不足,地下水资源条件相对较好,但开发利用程度较高,地下水开发利用潜力已经不大;水资源开发利用存在的主要问题是水资源总量不足、供水结构不合理,非常规水资源利用率低、水资源保护任务艰巨、地下水超采和城镇化带来的水资源供需矛盾突出。精准掌握区域水资源分布规律及开发利用状况对加强沣河水系水资源合理配置,制定西咸新区沣河流域水量调度方案能提供重要的科学理论依据。     

基于加权破产博弈模型的跨境流域水资源分配研究

基于公平合理利用视角,将多准则决策模型与破产理论相结合探讨跨境水资源分配问题.通过梳理国际水法,设计了跨境流域水资源公平合理分配的指标体系,采用投影法解决这一多准则决策问题,并依此加权调整流域国用水需求.在加权调整用水需求和考虑议价能力的基础上,基于破产博弈模型探讨跨境流域水资源分配问题,以提高分配方案的公平合理性和可...     

Livelihood strategy change and land use change —Case of Danzam Village in upper Dadu River watershed, Tibetan Plateau of China

Land use change in rural China since the 1980s, induced by institution reforms, urbanization, industrialization and population increase, has received more attention. However, case studies on how institution reforms affect farmers’ livelihood strategies and drive land use change are scarce. By means of cropland plots investigations and interviews with farmers, this study examines livelihood strategy change and land use change in Danzam Village of Jinchuan County in the upper Dadu River watershed, eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. The results show that, during the collective system period, as surplus labor forces could not be transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, they had to choose agricultural involution as their livelihood strategy, then the farmers had to produce more grains by land reclamation, increasing multiple cropping index, improving input of labor, fertilizer, pesticide and adopting advanced agricultural techniques. During the household responsibility system period, as labors being transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, farmers chose livelihood diversification strategy. Therefore, labor input to grain planting was greatly reduced, which drove the transformation of grain to horticulture, vegetable or wasteland and decrease of multiple cropping index. This study provides a new insight into understanding linkages among institution reforms, livelihood strategy of smallholders and land use change in rural China. Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40601006, 40471009), National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2005CB422006)     

Micromorphology and quality attributes of the loess derived soils affected by land use change: A case study in Ghapan watershed, Northern Iran

In order to study the effects of different land vegetative covers on soil quality attributes, a loess hill slope was selected in eastern Golestan Province, Ghapan watershed, Iran. Four profiles in four land uses, including Quercus natural forest; Pinus artificial forest; Cupressus artificial forest and a cultivated land, were studied. Results showed that MWD was significantly different in the studied land uses, and it varied between 1.6 mm in Quercus natural forest and o.31 mm in cultivated land use. The lowest CEC, microbial respiration rate and organic carbon were 28.4 cmol·kg^1, 177 μgCO2·g^-1·day^-1 and 1.32 % found in cultivated land use, respectively. The organic matter was considerably higher content in the forest areas than that of cultivated land use. The studies on soil profile development revealed that the natural forest soils were highly developed. The soils of the Quercus natural forest were classified as Calcic Haploxeralfs with a well developed argillie horizon unlike the cultivated soils which showed the minimum development and classified as Typic Xerorthents. The soils of the artificial forests had both mollic epipedons and were classified as Typic Calcixerolls with moderate profile development. Micromorphological studies revealed that argillic horizons had speckled and partly crystallitic b-fabric in the natural forest indicating the high landscape stability. In contrast, the crystallitic b-fabric of other land uses shows the absence of enough leaching of carbonate and the subsequent migration of clay particles indicating the unstable conditions and high soil erosion. Intense erosion of the surface horizons of cultivated land use has resulted in the outcropping of the subsurface carbonate rich horizons preventing soil development.     

数字流域中的WebGIS设计与实现

研究了基于WebGIS体系的数字流域系统的建设,提出了以渭河流域为试点的数字流域建设的设计及实现方案,实现了该流域信息的可视化及地图交互操作。