黄土丘陵沟壑区现代沟道农业及其可持续发展

现代沟道农业是黄土丘陵沟壑区人地耦合发展形成的一种新兴农业地域类型,其可持续发展对于区域农业高质量发展、“三生”空间优化和乡村振兴具有重大现实意义。从人地系统科学认知出发,对现代沟道农业的内涵、可持续发展方向、典型发展模式和保障体系进行了探讨,并进行了相关研究展望,为系统认识黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道农业模式,推进农业可持续发展提供了理论参考。主要结论：(1)沟道农业是乡村地域系统的重要功能类型,具有多尺度、多层次的特点,其可持续发展应从微观、中观和宏观3个层面,协同解决土壤生态系统、农田生态系统和农业地域系统的可持续发展问题。(2)保障粮食安全和生态安全,积极推进农业结构调整,发展多功能农业,通过“3C”模式,即农业自身内循环、农业外循环、基于农业多功能的农业大循环,实现生产结构优化、产业链条延伸和城乡功能互补。(3)创新推广土地综合整治带动模式、农业结构调整带动模式、特色资源综合开发模式和土地流转规模生产模式,有助于农业提质增效和农业高质量发展。(4)拓展地理学与其他学科的交叉研究,深化“理论-实践”贯通式研究,探索建立涵盖技术研发与应用、人才培养、政策制度支撑等内容于一体的农业生产保障体...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区农村居民点发展类型识别——以吴起县为例

利用最小累积阻力（Minimal cumulative resistance,MCR）模型,从生态和建设2个角度出发,确定居民点布局适宜性,辅以社会网络分析法研究居民点空间网络关系,从居民点整体适宜性和个体重要性出发,识别陕西省延安市吴起县的居民点发展类型。结果表明：（1）地形和交通条件为决定黄土丘陵沟壑区居民点空间布局的关键约束力,居民点集聚程度整体不高,以带状分布为主,散中有聚。（2）适宜性分区结果表现出“整体集聚、部分分散”的特征,位于适宜建设区内的农村居民点占62.83%,部分居民点分布影响区域生态稳定性。（3）现有居民点网络结构不均匀,需培育发展潜力较大的村庄节点,促进村镇地区均衡发展。（4）基于适宜性及网络分析结果,划分“直接城镇类”“优先发展类”“有条件发展类”“限制扩张类”4种类型并提出相应的发展重点。研究结果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区农村居民点合理规划和发展提供参考。     

Characteristics of geochemical weathering of L3 and S3 loess-paleosol section in the Hengshan area,Shaanxi Province北大核心CSCD

The Hengshan area in Shaanxi Province is located at the transitional junction of the Loess Plateau and the Mu Us sandy land in China. It is sensitive to environmental changes and has formed a unique paleoaeolian sand loess paleosol sequence. In this study, the L3 and S3 loess paleosol strata of the Liushumao section in Hengshan were selected for the analysis of the element content and related geochemical parameters in soil samples, to systematically explain the chemical weathering intensity and environmental evolution information recorded by the element geochemical index parameters during the L3 loess accumulation and S3 paleosol development in the Hengshan area. The results show that the major elements in the Liushumao section are mainly SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO. There are differences in the content of major elements in loess layers (L3-1, L3-2), paleosol layers (S3-1, S3-2), and aeolian sand layers (L3F, S3F). The contents of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are the highest in the paleosol layer of the section, the content of CaO is the highest in the loess layer, and the content of Na2O is the highest in the aeolian sand layer. The CIA and Na/K values of the section samples reveal that the loess-paleosol layer are in the stage of primary chemical weathering, and the aeolian sand layer has not entered the stage of chemical weathering. The high values of CIA, Rb/Sr ratio, and magnetic susceptibility in the Liushumao section indicate the strengthening of weathering and pedogenesis, the relatively warm and humid climate in this period, the increasingly strong summer monsoon, and the fixed contraction of the Mu Us sandy land. The high values of the ratio of silicon and aluminium (Sa) and > 63 μm particle content indicate the occurrence of strong winter monsoon, which led to the activation and expansion of the sandy land under the effect of dry and cold climate. One extremely cold period, two cold periods, and a relatively warm period occurred in the L3 loess accumulation period, while two warm periods and one cold period occurred in the S3 paleosol development period. The change of element geochemical indicators in the Liushumao section revealed that the climate change in the Hengshan area was mainly affected by the change of strength of the East Asian winter and summer monsoon, which is generally consistent with other climate change records in North China. The study results provide more evidence for exploring the climate and environmental changes in the transitional area of the Loess Plateau and Mu Us sandy land in China. © 2023, Editorial office of PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY. All rights reserved.     

天山北麓典型黄土地球化学特征研究

选择天山北麓地区典型风成黄土钟梁剖面进行常量元素地球化学特征研究。结果表明:天山北麓黄土与黄土高原黄土、伊犁黄土具有相似的常量元素组成,但风化程度明显偏低。在化学风化偏弱的内陆干旱表生环境中,黄土剖面Na元素的活动性强于Ca。进一步分析发现,由于研究区碳酸盐的淋溶淀积作用不明显,Rb/Sr等一些在黄土高原地区能较好指示古气候变化的代用指标并不能很好指示天山北麓黄土成壤强度;但不受物源和沉积环境差异影响的化学蚀变指数CIA能够较好的反映天山北麓黄土成壤强度,可作为在西北内陆干旱区古环境重建的气候代用指标。     

子午岭人工油松林群落更新特征及影响因子

采用样方法,对子午岭油松人工林群落更新特性以及环境因子对群落更新的影响进行研究,结果表明:油松人工林更新层有木本植物46种,其中有乔木16种,占总种数的33.33%,灌木29种,占总种数的64.58%。更新层的优势种有辽东栎、沙梾和鞘柄菝葜等,油松为更新层的次优势种,油松种群具有一定的自我更新能力;油松人工林群落更新层幼苗库丰富,高度级及龄级较小;更新方式以实生更新为主。林分密度对林下乔木幼苗、幼树数量影响极显著(P0.01),当林分密度从650株/hm2增加到1 550株/hm2时,林下更新的幼苗、幼树密度呈增加趋势,随着林分密度的继续增加,其密度逐渐减少;坡向对幼苗、幼树密度的影响显著(P0.05),当坡向由阳坡转向阴坡时,林下幼苗(树)密度逐渐增加;不同坡位林分更新特征各异,从坡下向上,幼苗密度逐渐减少,而幼树密度在中坡位最高,其次是下坡位,上坡位最低;随着海拔的升高,幼苗(幼树)密度逐渐减小。处于阴坡的中密度林分更新效果最佳,合理调整林分密度有利于油松人工林自然更新。     

Determination of long-term strength of frozen loess after numerous freeze-thaw cycles

In order to determine the changing rule of long-term frozen soil strength and elucidate the connection between long-term strength and soil physical properties,frozen loess was subjected to 4,6,8,10,and 50 freeze-thaw cycles,under closed-state conditions in a constant-temperature box.The frozen samples were tested on a spherical template indenter,and the results show that under the effect of repeated freeze-thaw cycles,the long-term strength of frozen loess decreased; changes in the mechanical property indices were highly unstable during the first 10 cycles; the soil strength and density were the greatest at the eighth cycle while the void ratio was the smallest; and after eight cycles all of the indices had less fluctuation and certain rising or falling tendencies.By converting the number of freeze-thaw cycles into elapsed time in the tests,three different forecasting methods of long-term soil strength could be assessed and the soil equivalent cohesive force after 10 years,20 years,or 30 years could be estimated.     

秦安县农村居民点空间分布景观格局分析

基于RS与GIS技术,以2008年甘肃省秦安县SPOT遥感影像为数据源,主要选职斑块面积、斑块数、平均斑块面积、斑块大小变异系数、斑块大小标准偏差、平均形状指数、平均周长．面积比、平均斑块分维数8个景观指数,从居民点用地、规模、形态、分布等方面进行景观空间格局分析。结果表明：秦安县农村居民点分布特点受坡度、坡向、高程、...     

饱和黄土液化标准的试验研究

根据饱和黄土在动荷载振动作用下的试验结果提出了以黄土的3%应变为主要考虑因素的液化破坏标准。试验表明:在固结不排水的动三轴试验中,黄土结构连接强度随循环次数的增加而逐渐丧失,体积收缩,在不排水条件下转化为孔隙水压力的上升和有效应力的下降,最终可能出现初始液化和循环活动性现象。3%轴应变一定出现在初始液化前;3%轴应变后应变大幅增加,孔压有可能达到初始有效固结围压,也有可能在初始液化前破坏。3%轴变形是黄土稳定变形和大幅变形的临界点。     

兰州高坪湿陷性黄土地基处理方法分析

根据兰州地区3处大厚度高坪黄土的天然密度、含水量、土粒比重等物理性质指标沿深度变化的统计规律,分析了计算值-天然孔隙比随这些指标的变化规律,得出黄土天然孔隙比简化的计算公式。藉此分析强夯法、挤密桩法等地基处理方法的合理设计参数:对于强夯法,平均夯沉量可以作为初步设计参数和质量检测指标;对于挤密桩法,确定了加固深度和处理后的孔隙比,即可确定桩间距和桩径的比值。     

西安黄土新型旋转触探试验研究

对西安理工大学研制的新型旋转触探仪进行调试并进行了5个干密度,4个含水率试样的室内旋转触探试验。通过对实验数据的分析定性得出了:相同含水率条件下稳定锥尖阻力与稳定扭矩随干密度增大而增大;相同干密度条件下稳定锥尖阻力与稳定扭矩随含水率增大而减小。试验结果也为通过旋转触探定量确定岩土物理力学性质参数提供了依据。