藏北高山嵩草草旬植被和多样性在沙漠化过程中的变化

为确定沙漠化对高山嵩草草甸植被组成、结构和物种多样性的影响，了解高寒区草甸沙漠化的原因，选择西藏那曲安多县南部沙漠化严重区域为调查区，按照沙漠化的不同程度设置样地，系统调查了轻度、中度、重度和极重度沙化草甸的植被变化，结果表明：中度、重度和极重度沙化区的植被与轻度沙化草甸有显著的差异；在中度和重度沙化区，高寒草甸的建群种高山嵩草已被家畜不喜食或更具抗性的植物种所取代，而在极重度沙化的流动沙丘上无植被生长；从过牧的退化草甸到半流动、流动沙丘，植物种多样性呈显著的降低趋势。轻度沙化草甸物种数、个体密度和丰富度指数最多；中度沙化草甸的Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数最大，而优势度指数最小；在沙化过程中，高寒草甸的植被盖度显著下降，地上生物量也在下降，虽然轻度、中度和重度沙化草地的地上生物量显著高于极重度沙化区，但前者之间却无显著差异。地下根系生物量也呈显著下降的趋势。过牧是造成高山嵩草草甸沙化的主要原因。     

干旱区高山-盆地系统深部水资源的赋存和估算——以河西走廊西段为例

现行西北地区水资源评价，是基于下列水文地质概念模型：（1）作为主要补给源地的山区，其与盆地之间存在“阻水屏障”；（2）山区形成的地下水基本上已全部汇入出山河谷，流向盆地绿洲，经实地勘探水化学同位素分析与资料研究，认为现行“模型”不符合地质实际。在引用国外高山区产流数值模拟成果的基础上，采用比拟法估算出研究区，由山区通过基岩向盆地绿洲作侧向补给的大致数量。新概念模型的建立，意味着西北高山－盆地系统的绿洲基岩不深处，赋存有相当数量以前未被计入的、可供开发的水资源。     

高山流域分布水文系统的研究—以意大利北部Ampezzan Dolomites Upper Boite

文章介绍在北意大利Ampezzan Dolomites的Upper Boite河的高山流域在山区水文学方面进行分布水文系统研究（Engelen和Vrnneker,1988,见本卷）的实例。文章对这个面积约200km^2、高程1800-3000m的范围作了概要的结论性分析。Upeer Booite流域的水文特征主要受较高部位的大片裸露的或植被稀少的白云岩和岩溶化的石灰岩分布区的控制。本区春及初夏形成融雪的洪水，由春到夏持续产生基流，夏秋的暴雨产生洪流，并在低处形成泥石流。较低区域（标高在1800－2000m以下）蒸散强烈而在水文上不敏感，只有在某些渗透性相当差的火山凝灰岩与泥灰岩坍塌出露区，随夏季洪流才产生大量悬浮物质。     

Fluxes of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using static chamber technique,fluxes of CO2,CH4 and N2O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001,determinations of mean fluxes showed that CO2 and N2O were generally released from the soil,while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink.Fluxes of CO2,CH4 and N2O ranged widely.The highest CO2 emission occurred in August,whereas almost 90?of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season.But the variations of CH4 and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment.During a daily variation,the maximum CO2 emission occurred at 16:00,and then decreased to the minimum emission in the early morning.Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in CO2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures(R^2=0.73)and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm(R^2=0.86),whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic variables.CO2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> processes in an alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau

In this paper, the CO2 concentrations profile from 1.5 m depth in soil to 32 m height in atmosphere were measured from July 2000 to July 2001 in an alpine grassland ecosystem located in the permafrost area on the Tibetan Plateau, which revealed that CO2 concentrations varied greatly during this study period. Mean concentrations during the whole experiment in the atmosphere were absolutely lower than the CO2 concentrations in soil, which resulted in CO2 emissions from the alpine steppe soil to the atmosphere. The highest CO2 concentration was found at a depth of 1.5 m in soil while the lowest CO2 concentration occurred in the atmosphere. Mean CO2 concentrations in soil generally increased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the increasing soil moistures and decreasing soil pH, which induced the increasing biological activities with depth. Temporally, the CO2 concentrations at different layers in air remained a more steady state because of the atmospheric turbulent milking. During the seasonal variations, CO2 concentrations at surface soil interface showed symmetrical patterns, with the lowest accumulation of CO2 occurring in the late winter and the highest CO2 concentration in the growine seasons.     

去天不盈尺名山高几许

在我国广袤的土地上,巍然耸立着众多著名风景名胜山峰,它们是传承中华文明的载体,集聚了重要的人文景观和自然资源,凸显了中国五千年文化内涵及精神底蕴。一些的比较的、由于历史的原因,山高程数据混乱。精确山高具有深远政治经济和文化意义。     

喀喇昆仑山脉冰川稳定或因冬季降水

<正>亚洲高山地区的喀喇昆仑山脉一带的大部分降雨和降雨都在冬天发生,虽然附近的其他山脉受季风影响,多数是在夏天发生降水,这是在线发表于《自然—地球科学》上的一项研究给出的结论。喀喇昆仑山脉因为其冰川异常稳定而一直受到科学家的关注,这次研究意味着这种不寻常的年降水模式或许保护着喀喇昆仑山脉的冰川不受气候变化影响而发生大量流失。Sarah Kapnick等人利用高清晰气候模型模     

干旱高山区地电化学法寻找铜镍矿研究——以青海化隆拉水峡铜镍矿区为例

为解决干旱高山区的深部找矿问题和探索地电化学法在干旱高山区寻找隐伏铜镍矿产的可行性,在青海化隆拉水峡铜镍矿区开展了地电提取测量法、土壤离子电导率测量法寻找隐伏铜镍矿的试验研究,通过对已知矿体的地电化学法找矿试验,在隐伏铜镍矿体上测出了清晰的地电化学异常。对矿区的深部及外围的找矿预测中,在A区发现3个地电化学Ni、Cu及电导率异常,在B区发现3个地电化学Cu异常、1个Ni异常、3个电导率异常,在C区发现了3个地电化学Cu异常、2个地球化学Ni异常、3个电导率异常,推测在上述地电化学异常区内寻找隐伏铜镍矿会有新的突破。     

中国西北部高山区多尺度降水稳定同位素的时空变化成因分析

大气降水氢氧稳定同位素可以指示降水过程的气候环境变化,分析其变化对于研究现在及过去气候条件下的水文循环过程具有重要意义。本研究选取中国西北部典型的天山、昆仑山为研究对象,基于研究区5个高山站点2013—2015年间的353个大气降水样品的δ²H、δ¹⁸O分析测试结果,系统分析了不同时间尺度下δ²H与δ¹⁸O的时空分布特征及其与环境要素的关系,并结合ERA5数据探讨了其水汽通量及风向特征。结果表明：(1)研究区大气降水稳定同位素呈现较为显著的时空变化特征,降水δ¹⁸O季节上呈现夏高冬低,而空间上呈现北高南低;拟合的区域大气降水线为δ²H=7.74δ¹⁸O+5.83 (R²=0.98),揭示其降水过程受云下蒸发影响强烈(斜率较低)。(2)研究区降水δ¹⁸O与温度呈现正相关关系,与高程呈现负相关关系,而与降水量间无显著相关关系。(3)水汽来源的分析结果表明,研究区水汽输送路径主要为西方路径(占比6...     

New advances in the study of Alpine glaciations

The European Alps is the birthplace of glaciology and in particular Quaternary glaciology and for over one hundred years has been a model region for studying mountain glaciations. In this paper, we review the achievements from this region, which will benefit glaciological studies of the Tibetan Plateau, China. According to new evidences of glaciofluvial de- posits discovered in valleys and forelands of the Alps, researchers have progressed from an original four Pleistocene gla- ciations to seven glaciations： Biber, Donua, Gtinz, Haslach, Mindel, Riss and WOrm. The earliest one Biber possibly oc- curred between the Pliocene and Pleistocene, but the chronology before Riss is still in doubt. Recent years, Riss and Wtirm glaciations have been supported by a large numbers of cosmogenic exposure dating. In particular, cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating has been carried out for different moraine boulders in numerous valleys, which reveals a series of climatic change events, and they are comparable to post-glacial age records of northern Europe. The advancement of glaciological studies in the Alps is important in promoting glaciological research in the Tibetan Plateau.