颗粒分析用量筒的规格标准和计量标定

文章讨论了国内外用于密度计法颗粒分析用量筒的计量标准的规定，提出了相应的建议和标定方法。     

北京市春夏季大气气溶胶的单颗粒分析表征

采集了北京市2000年春夏季大气气溶胶样品5个，采用扫描电镜X射线能谱技术分析大气气溶胶单颗粒约2500个。研究结果表明，沙尘期间，矿物尘是最主要的颗粒物种类，非沙尘期间，北京市大气气溶胶中主要检出矿物尘和含硫颗粒物。夏季随着颗粒物污染的加重，含硫颗粒物的数目百分数增加。是北京市大气颗粒物污染的重要特征。重点讨论了Ca-S颗粒、K-S颗粒和Ca-K-S颗粒三类典型含硫颗粒物的化学组成和粒径分布特征。数目可观的Ca-K-S颗粒以及其他硫酸盐颗粒的生成与相对湿度和云量等气象条件相关，这些颗粒物可能是云中过程的产物。减少SO2排放，减少含硫颗粒物，对于控制北京市的大气颗粒物浓度水平具有重要意义。     

鲁西铜石岩体的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄及其地质意义

本文首次报道了鲁西地区铜石岩体的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄结果。通过对斑状细粒闪长岩中单颗粒锆石18个样品点的分析,获得了两组谐和年龄数据,其中有10个分析点的206Pb/238U年龄为167.9～183Ma,加权平均值为175.7±3.8Ma;另外8个分析点的207Pb/206Pb年龄为2502～2554Ma,加权平均值     

Water soluble components of PM10 Chongqing, China

The concentrations of water soluble ions (Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃ ^-, Cl^-, and SO ₄ ^2- ) in PM₁₀ samples collected on cellulose filters by a medium-volume cascade impactor were determined, which were obtained from three kinds of areas in Chongqing: industrial area (Jiulongpo district), commercial and residential area (Jiangbei district) and background area (Jinyun Mountain in the Beibei district). The results showed that except for the background site, the annual average values of PM₁₀ are 23% – 61% higher than the national air quality standard (GradeII) (0.1 mg/m³), even that the value of the control site is still 20% higher than American standard (0.05 mg/m³). This implied that serious pollution of fine particles occurred in Chongqing. Nine kinds of soluble ions in water of PM₁₀ were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) and the annual average concentrations follow the order of [SO ₄ ^2- ] > [NO³ _-] > [Cl^-] > [F^-], and [Ca²⁺] > [NH₄ ⁺] > [K⁺] > [Na⁺] > [Mg²⁺]. Their values were different in these areas: the industrial area > the commercial and living area > the control area. As for NH_{4 +}, K⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃ ^- and SO ₄ ^2- , their seasonal average concentrations show a similar variation trend: the values in spring and fall were higher than those in summer and winter. The seasonal average concentrations of [Cl^-], [F^-], [Na⁺] and [Mg²⁺] are much lower than those of other ions. However, the concentrations of [Na⁺] changed more greatly in different seasons than those of the other three ions. Correlation coefficients showed that the three areas have been polluted by coal smoke and dust to different extents, while some local resources of pollution should be taken into consideration as well.     

长安四府村32～10 ka BP期间沙尘暴活动的记录

通过对长安区四府村剖面晚更新世后期黄土样品的粒度分析测定,探讨了沙尘暴活动与土壤颗粒组成的关系及32～10kaBP以来的沙尘暴的活动趋势。结果表明,黄土古土壤序列中粗粉砂含量高和粘粒含量低,反映当时沙尘暴活动强烈,反之,沙尘暴活动弱。冰期沙尘暴活动强主要是冰期降水量少造成的,温度低是次要的。古土壤层S10中的粘粒既包含风尘堆积的原始组分,也包含风化成壤过程中对先前发育的黄土L21改造后的次生组分。32～10kaBP以来,沙尘暴活动具有由弱到强的变化趋势,其中23～10kaBP间活动最强。     

固沙林庇护区内降尘特征的初步观测

采用野外定位实测法,连续两年对科尔沁沙地24龄人工固沙杨树(Populussimonii)林庇护区内4～6月份及强沙尘暴事件中的降尘特征进行了观测研究。结果表明:(1)林地庇护区内4、5月份的降尘量较多,分别为273和437kg/hm2,6月份的降尘量较少,为171kg/hm2。(2)林地中央的滞尘效应在风蚀季节和强沙尘暴天气过程中十分显著。(3)林地庇护区内的降尘中粒径<0.02mm颗粒含量占60.7%,降尘中的全C、全N和速效P含量分别高达1.676%、0.163%和210.66mg/kg,这对风沙土表层土壤的细化和养分的积累具有重要的生态学意义。     

Theoretical and experimental study of breaking wave on sloping bottoms

This paper studies the continuous evolution of breaking wave for the surface water waves propagating on a sloping beach. A Lagrangian asymptotic solution is derived. According to the solution coupled with the wave breaking criteria and the equations of water particles motion, the wave deformation and the continuous wave breaking processes for the progressive water waves propagating on a sloping bottom can be derived. A series of experiments are also conducted to compare with the theoretical solution. The results show that the present solution can reasonably describe the plunging or spilling wave breaking phenomenon.     

钙质砂的干密度特征及其试验方法研究

最大、最小干密度是评价砂土密实度的重要计算参数。通过钙质砂的最大、最小干密度试验,揭示了钙质砂颗粒破碎对最大干密度的影响,分析了最大、最小干密度随粒径和含水率的变化规律,并总结了钙质砂的最大、最小干密度的测试方法。研究表明,最大干密度随粒径的增大呈现先减小后增加的趋势;在最大干密度的测试中存在明显的颗粒破碎现象,使测试结果偏大;颗粒破碎量随粒径的增加先增加后减小,其中粗砂的破碎量最大;最小干密度随粒径的增大而减小,单一粒组钙质砂最小干密度的最大值仍然小于级配良好钙质砂的最小干密度,同一粒组的钙质砂的最小干密度随含水率的增大呈现出略有减小的趋势。建议钙质砂的最大干密度试验宜采用电动相对密度仪法,最小干密度试验宜采用量筒法。     

基于PFC2D岩石颗粒破碎强度和能量的分形模型

颗粒的破碎强度随着粒径的增大而减小,即颗粒破碎的尺寸效应,分形模型为解释固体颗粒破碎的尺寸效应提供了可行的方法。根据岩石颗粒破碎时的分形特征,采用Sammis破碎准则,通过模拟分析得出岩石颗粒破碎能量和强度的分形模型,建立和验证用分维D来表示岩石颗粒破碎的能量和强度准则,得出并验证了岩石颗粒破碎分维的确定方法。利用离散元软件PFC2D的黏结颗粒模型BPM（Bonded Particle Model）模拟了小孔隙率n=0.12和大孔隙率n=0.3,即密实和松散两种情况。其中小孔隙率采用在模型上添加小颗粒的新方法,分别做了400组粒径不等的数值模拟试验,从粒径与破碎强度、破碎能量之间的关系和应力-应变曲线3个方面进行了统计,验证了岩石颗粒破碎强度与分维D的理论关系为σ_f∝dD-3,并得出颗粒破碎时的能量和与分维D之间的关系为E_f∝dD-1。验证了分形理论在分析颗粒破碎的尺寸效应中的较好应用,为确定岩石颗粒的破碎强度和岩石堆砌体剪切强度提供新的方法和参考意见。     

坚硬致密弱研磨性地层孕镶金刚石钻头性能优化

基于金刚石钻头在坚硬致密弱研磨性地层钻进时易出现进尺效率低的现象,将SiC磨粒作为胎体耐磨损性弱化颗粒添加至胎体中,采用室内钻进及正交试验设计法从金刚石粒度、金刚石浓度、胎体耐磨损性弱化颗粒浓度、胎体硬度4方面对钻头性能进行优化,并探讨了钻进工艺参数对钻进效率的影响。结果表明:将适当材质的胎体耐磨损性弱化颗粒添加至钻头胎体中,能够有效提高钻头的钻进效率,避免钻头打滑的现象;胎体硬度HRC 25,金刚石粒度40/50目、金刚石体积分数55%,胎体弱化颗粒体积分数30%是本次试验最优的设计方案;在相同主轴转速条件下,轴向压力不宜超过3.5 MPa,在相同轴向压力的条件下,其主轴转速以750~850 r/min为宜。