南京下蜀黄土记录的250~100ka期间的环境演化信息

下蜀黄土记录了东亚季风环境演变的重要信息,是全球气候变化研究的重要载体。通过对南京仙林(XL)剖面下蜀黄土地球化学元素、风化指标和磁化率指标的综合分析,讨论了南京下蜀黄土的化学风化程度及沉积环境。研究结果表明,南京下蜀黄土的常量元素与上陆壳化学组分接近,显示其物质来源比较稳定,在堆积以前经历了充分的混合。XL地区的沉积环境比洛川黄土沉积环境要湿润,与洛川古土壤、镇江下蜀黄土的沉积环境接近,处于较为湿润条件下形成的中等风化阶段。在250~100ka期间,XL剖面的沉积环境经历了冷干-暖湿-冷湿-暖湿的变化特征。同时,长江中下游地区在此期间具有风化成壤作用逐渐增强、气候逐渐暖湿、东亚夏季风逐渐增强的特点。     

花岗闪长岩风化层土壤及其盐水与酸不溶物元素变化行为研究:以热液成矿指示元素为例

从土壤到水系沉积物风化过程中微量元素含量的变化行为对化探异常的圈定和解释具有重要参考价值。以北京西南房山花岗闪长岩体发育的土壤为研究对象,通过盐水及盐酸溶液去除土壤中的活动态微量元素,以模拟含盐水系及酸性水系,实验查明从土壤到水系沉积物风化过程中微量元素的变化行为。实验结果发现从土壤到盐水不溶物再到酸不溶物,花岗岩风化指数(WIG值)逐渐降低,表明WIG是表征其风化程度的良好地球化学指标。样品粒度越细其风化程度越高,热液成矿元素含量从粗粒级到细粒级含量逐渐升高,建议采样粒度为80~100目。     

Mobilization and redistribution of elements in soils developed from extreme weathering basalt on Hainan Island

Major, trace and organic elements of a South China were reported to investigate elements laterite profile developed on Neogene basalt on Hainan Island, mobilization and redistribution in tropical regions. The results indicate that strong acid environment and organic matter （OM） can remarkably improve the transfer of insoluble elements. Among all the elements, Th is the least mobile. As for the general conservative elements during incipient chemical weathering, such as Ti, Zr, Hf and Nb, the removals are up to 30%-40% in the upper profile. And for Fe, A1, Cu and Ni, that tend to be combined with secondary minerals and to be retained in temperate zone, they are re- moved from the upper profile, transferred downwards, and then precipitated in the lower profile. In addition, atmos- pheric inputs, including sea salt aerosols and dust, have a profound effect on the budgets of elements that are susceptible to leaching losses （e.g. K, Na and Sr）. Excluding the possibilities of groundwater and erosion, the remarkable increase of K, Na and Sr concentrations in the upper profile, together with dramatically upward increasing trends of the percentage changes of Sr/Th, K/Th and Na/Th ratios, show that atmospheric inputs, especially sea salt aerosols, contribute much extraneous seawater derived elements, such as K, Na and Sr to the soils. The overall elemental be- haviors in this profile suggest that organic matter and atmospheric inputs play a very important role in the mobiliza- tion and redistribution of elements during extreme weathering in tropical regions.     

Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironment of Gonghe Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, During the Lastdeglacial: Weathering, Erosion and Vegetation Cover Affect Clay Mineral Formation

With the analysis of the sources and formation mechanism of the clay minerals in the sediment core from the Dalianhai lake in the Gonghe Basin,northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau,clay mineral composition proxies,grain-size and carbonate contents have been employed for high-resolution study in order to reconstruct East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM） over the northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau during the lastdeglacial.The study also extended to establish a relationship between vegetation cover changes and erosion during the last 14.5 ka with pollen record and clay mineral proxies.Smectite/kaolinite and smectite/（illite＋chlorite） ratios allow us to assess hydrolysis conditions in lowlands and/or physical erosion process in highlands of the Gonghe Basin.Before 12.9 Cal ka BP,both mineralogical ratios show low values indicative of strong physical erosion in the basin with a dominant cold and dry phase.After 12.9 Cal ka BP,an increase in both mineralogical ratios indicates enhanced chemical weathering in the basin associated with a warm and humid climate.The beginning of Holocene is characterized by high smectite/（illite＋chlorite） and smectite/kaolinite ratios that is synchronous as with deposition of many peat laminae,implying the best warm and humid conditions specifically between 8.0 to 5.5 Cal ka BP.The time interval after 5.0 Cai ka BP is characterized by a return to high physical erosion and low chemical weathering with dry climate conditions in the basin.Comparing variations of clay mineral assemblages with previous pollen results,we observe a rapid response in terms of chemical weathering and physical erosion intensity to a modification of the vegetation cover in the basin.     

粘土矿物的提取、鉴定及其古气候意义——以柴达木盆地怀头他拉剖面为例

沉积物中粘土矿物类型主要有自生粘土矿物和碎屑粘土矿物。其中,自生粘土矿物含量较少,是在沉积环境中形成,可能是沉积再循环或成岩作用的产物,可作为沉积环境某方面的指示标志;而碎屑粘土矿物是母岩风化的产物,受沉积环境影响较小,能够有效示踪物源区化学风化过程,进而反映古气候变化。近年来利用碎屑粘土矿物特征来重建物源区古气候的方法得到了广泛的应用。然而,由于粘土矿物主要存在于<2 μm硅酸盐粘粒中,粘土矿物的提取、鉴定比较困难,且自生粘土矿物易受沉积环境等的影响。因此,在利用粘土矿物重建古气候变化时,需慎重选择粘土矿物的提取方法,并考虑物源和沉积环境变化以及成岩作用等对粘土矿物解释的影响。本文以柴达木盆地东北缘怀头他拉剖面硅酸盐粘土矿物的提取、鉴定及其古环境指示意义为例,介绍粘土矿物的提取及应用,为后期粘土矿物研究提供参考。     

钾稳定同位素在水文地球化学领域的研究进展与展望

地表硅酸盐岩矿物风化通常是水体中钙、镁、钠、钾等元素的重要来源,然而相比于水体中的钙、镁和钠,目前对钾的水文地球化学行为的认识仍十分有限。表生地球化学领域最新研究证明风化、吸附等多种水岩反应伴随着较大的钾同位素分馏,表明钾同位素技术可以用于示踪地下水中钾的来源及迁移转化。文章通过系统总结上地壳、水圈和其他地表储库（植物、肥料）的钾同位素组成,发现水圈普遍比大陆上地壳富集41K,为识别地下水的钾来源提供了基础;通过总结钾同位素在常见的水岩作用过程（硅酸盐岩矿物溶解、次生黏土形成、吸附作用、离子交换反应）中的分馏行为,发现硅酸盐岩矿物溶解分馏有限,次生黏土矿物形成引起水体富集41K,表面吸附和离子交换使水体富集39K,不同水岩反应中K同位素行为差异为示踪地下水中钾的迁移转化过程提供了基础;列举了应用钾同位素示踪硅酸盐岩风化和水体污染的最新研究成果。由于钾同位素是硅酸盐岩风化的良好示踪剂,可以利用钾同位素揭示CO2较充足含水层中钾元素释放及迁移转化机理;由于表面吸附和离子交换控制的钾同位素分馏方向与风化控制的钾同位素分馏方向不同,可以利用钾同位素识别出地下水循环过程中多种水岩反应对钾迁移转化...     

岩溶缝洞充填物碳氧同位素特征及环境意义——以塔河油田奥陶系鹰山组为例

塔河油田奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞是该地区主要的碳酸盐岩储层,弄清岩溶缝洞充填物特征有利于寻找最优储集体,对该区石油地质研究具有重要意义。通过对塔河油田31口钻井岩心观察、描述和充填物类型统计,选取7口典型钻井奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞充填物取样,并对充填物样品δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O进行测试分析。结果表明：(1)充填物碳氧同位素变化范围较大,δ¹³C为0.75‰～-10.14‰,δ¹⁸O为-5.94‰～-14.14‰。(2)奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞充填物存在4中不同类型的形成环境：同生期或早期成岩岩溶环境、风化壳岩溶环境、埋藏岩溶环境、较晚期岩溶环境。该研究成果对古岩溶型油气储层研究及油气勘探具有重要意义。     

松辽盆地古龙凹陷页岩油储层中的纳孔纳缝及其原位成藏理论初探

古龙凹陷青山口组页岩油的,地质资源量达151亿t,是重要后备的油气资源。用电子背散射(HDBSD)发现了古龙页岩油储层中纳米孔和纳米缝非常发育,电子探针表明这些纳孔纳缝均被沥青充填。纳米孔的直径多在10～50 nm,中位数在20～30 nm,形态多不规则,多呈多角形,主要是一种E-F纳孔,其次为E-E纳孔,多与纳米缝联结。纳缝宽度多在10～50 nm,中位数也在20～30 nm。它们主要是由黏土片(黏土域)的F-F凝聚形成的。黏土的凝聚与有机质密切相关。黏土胶体由于同晶置换会带负电荷,使得其周围会吸附带正电的金属阳离子,形成一个带正电的黏土团。这种带正电的黏土团又会吸附带负电的腐殖酸(有机质)和初步降解的藻,形成一个有机黏土絮凝体。这种有机黏土絮凝体进入生排烃门限后,由于生排烃有机质体积会收缩,体积收缩最高可达87%。生排出的烃会就近充填在这种收缩形成的孔隙中,又由于纳孔纳缝的毛细阻力(约12 MPa)等使得排出的烃无法运移出去便形成了古龙页岩油的特殊连续原位油藏。     

深圳湾后海风化深槽的工程地质特征分析

风化深槽对建筑地基基础工程,尤其是桩基工程,具有很大影响和危害。深圳湾地区发育多处风化深槽,其中后海风化深槽是目前揭露的规模最大的风化深槽,槽底深度175.9 m。通过分析风化深槽的发育规模和工程地质特征,重点探讨了风化深槽内隐伏断裂发育迹象。结果表明,断裂破碎带是形成风化深槽的控制因素,深圳湾地区受北东向五华—深圳断裂带和北西向狮子洋—珠江口断裂带相互交切作用,断裂破碎带宽,断裂力学性质属压扭性兼具张性,利于风化作用向深部扩展;后海风化深槽内全风化岩、强风化岩特别深厚,风化岩强度低。