基于五种油源的中重度风化溢油的常规鉴定指标的应用效果评估

本文利用采集于我国三大油田的五种原油样品开展了长达210天的溢油风化模拟实验,并依据相对偏差和重复性限数学分析法,进行溢油风化过程分析和诊断比值应用效果评估。研究结果表明:经过210天的风化,溢油鉴定诊断比值发生明显改变;其中来源于萜烷、甾烷和多环芳烃的诊断比值变化率要远低于正构烷烃,可用于中长期风化溢油鉴定。此外,研究发现,在这些有效诊断比值中有4个变化率较小,相对偏差低于5%,保持了较好的稳定性,更适合于重度风化溢油鉴定。     

灰色系统理论在建立海面石油烃风化模式中的应用

本文以n-C₁₇/n-C₂₀、Pr/n-C₂₀、n-C₁₈/n-C₂₀、Ph/n-C₂₀为指标,用最大矩阵元模糊聚类法探讨了风化一个月的任丘原油和30#重柴油与其他常见的7种油间的油种鉴别问题,确定了4种石油烃为表征油种的风化指标,并对其风化指标建立了灰色风化模式GM(1,1).研究结果表明,GM(1,1)风化模式的精度优于指数回归法,可用于一个月内的海面石油烃风化的预测.     

长江流域风成黄土研究进展与展望

中国黄土是第四纪古气候–古环境研究的重要载体,除黄土高原外,中国其他地区还零星分布有风成黄土堆积。在长江流域,从上游到下游,分布有川西、金沙江、巫山和下蜀黄土,探讨这些湿润区风成黄土的风尘来源、动力传输过程以及沉积后土壤化过程等可为研究长江流域东亚季风环流特点提供证据,对探究过去湿润区风尘风化固碳过程和效益也具有重要意义。虽然对长江流域各地区黄土已有较多的研究,但是不同地区黄土物源、物质传输过程等方面的相互联系及其在风化固碳中的作用还不清楚。本文在综述了川西、金沙江、巫山、下蜀风尘黄土的形成年代、物源等最新研究进展的基础上,提出川西、巫山、下蜀三地黄土的发育与青藏高原在青藏运动B幕、昆仑-黄河运动和共和运动3个阶段的隆升有重要对应关系;并且发现在冰期和间冰期,长江流域风成黄土的风化程度均比黄土高原黄土强,且在古土壤发育期更强;认为长江流域黄土风化过程对陆地固碳的影响及其与古气候变化的相互关系是今后湿润区黄土研究的重点。     

榆神矿区小保当二号井2-2煤开采对风化基岩含水层的影响预测

榆神矿区地处毛乌素沙漠地带,生态环境脆弱,水资源短缺。煤炭开采时对水资源的保护备受关注。以榆神矿区小保当二号井田为研究区,采用物理相似材料模拟实验,确定了小保当二号井2^-2煤层开采导水裂隙带发育高度,在此基础上,通过对比煤层至风化基岩含水层之间的距离与导水裂隙带发育高度的差值,并结合保水采煤试验与采动损害监测结果,引入保护层厚度指标,预测2^-2煤层开采对风化基岩含水层的影响程度。研究结果表明：小保当二号井2^-2煤层开采后导水裂隙带发育带发育高度约为150m,裂采比约25倍。将2^-2煤层开采对风化基岩含水层的影响程度划分为无影响、轻微影响、一般影响、严重影响4种类型,研究区为无影响区和轻微影响区,其中,轻微影响区占全井田范围的0.03%。     

花岗岩残积土桩基施工中的问题及解决办法

文章总结了梧州市常用的沉管灌注桩、钻孔灌注桩和人工挖孔桩在以花岗岩残积土为桩基持力层时施工中的特点及容易出现的问题 ,并提出相应的解决办法     

Mobilization and redistribution of elements in soils developed from extreme weathering basalt on Hainan Island

Major, trace and organic elements of a South China were reported to investigate elements laterite profile developed on Neogene basalt on Hainan Island, mobilization and redistribution in tropical regions. The results indicate that strong acid environment and organic matter （OM） can remarkably improve the transfer of insoluble elements. Among all the elements, Th is the least mobile. As for the general conservative elements during incipient chemical weathering, such as Ti, Zr, Hf and Nb, the removals are up to 30%-40% in the upper profile. And for Fe, A1, Cu and Ni, that tend to be combined with secondary minerals and to be retained in temperate zone, they are re- moved from the upper profile, transferred downwards, and then precipitated in the lower profile. In addition, atmos- pheric inputs, including sea salt aerosols and dust, have a profound effect on the budgets of elements that are susceptible to leaching losses （e.g. K, Na and Sr）. Excluding the possibilities of groundwater and erosion, the remarkable increase of K, Na and Sr concentrations in the upper profile, together with dramatically upward increasing trends of the percentage changes of Sr/Th, K/Th and Na/Th ratios, show that atmospheric inputs, especially sea salt aerosols, contribute much extraneous seawater derived elements, such as K, Na and Sr to the soils. The overall elemental be- haviors in this profile suggest that organic matter and atmospheric inputs play a very important role in the mobiliza- tion and redistribution of elements during extreme weathering in tropical regions.     

准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系泥岩黏土矿物组合及地球化学特征

对准噶尔盆地南缘玛纳斯河剖面泥岩中黏土矿物的组合类型、微观形貌和地球化学特征进行了综合分析,讨论了侏罗纪古气候、古环境演化过程。结果表明,泥岩中主要矿物为黏土矿物、石英、长石,以及少量的方解石、赤铁矿等。黏土矿物组合类型分为两类。一类为伊利石-蒙脱石混层矿物、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石组合,主要分布在下侏罗统泥岩中;另一类为伊利石和蒙脱石组合,主要分布在上侏罗统泥岩中。扫描电子显微镜分析表明,黏土矿物结晶度较低,伊利石常呈丝状、叶片状,蒙脱石呈不规则板状分布在碎屑颗粒表面,片状伊利石/蒙脱石混层矿物存在于孔隙之中。其δCe为0.9~1.3,Eu呈负异常,La/Sc、La/Th、Th/Sc值则较高,指示源区母岩为长英质岩石类型。研究认为准南地区侏罗纪气候和沉积环境演化可划分为3个阶段:早侏罗世属于温暖湿润气候条件,以湖泊-三角洲沉积为主;中侏罗世早期属于温干偏湿润气候条件,以湖泊沉积为主;中侏罗世中后期至晚侏罗世属于相对较冷干旱的气候条件,属于宽浅氧化湖盆沉积环境类型。     

Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironment of Gonghe Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, During the Lastdeglacial: Weathering, Erosion and Vegetation Cover Affect Clay Mineral Formation

With the analysis of the sources and formation mechanism of the clay minerals in the sediment core from the Dalianhai lake in the Gonghe Basin,northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau,clay mineral composition proxies,grain-size and carbonate contents have been employed for high-resolution study in order to reconstruct East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM） over the northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau during the lastdeglacial.The study also extended to establish a relationship between vegetation cover changes and erosion during the last 14.5 ka with pollen record and clay mineral proxies.Smectite/kaolinite and smectite/（illite＋chlorite） ratios allow us to assess hydrolysis conditions in lowlands and/or physical erosion process in highlands of the Gonghe Basin.Before 12.9 Cal ka BP,both mineralogical ratios show low values indicative of strong physical erosion in the basin with a dominant cold and dry phase.After 12.9 Cal ka BP,an increase in both mineralogical ratios indicates enhanced chemical weathering in the basin associated with a warm and humid climate.The beginning of Holocene is characterized by high smectite/（illite＋chlorite） and smectite/kaolinite ratios that is synchronous as with deposition of many peat laminae,implying the best warm and humid conditions specifically between 8.0 to 5.5 Cal ka BP.The time interval after 5.0 Cai ka BP is characterized by a return to high physical erosion and low chemical weathering with dry climate conditions in the basin.Comparing variations of clay mineral assemblages with previous pollen results,we observe a rapid response in terms of chemical weathering and physical erosion intensity to a modification of the vegetation cover in the basin.     

深圳湾后海风化深槽的工程地质特征分析

风化深槽对建筑地基基础工程,尤其是桩基工程,具有很大影响和危害。深圳湾地区发育多处风化深槽,其中后海风化深槽是目前揭露的规模最大的风化深槽,槽底深度175.9 m。通过分析风化深槽的发育规模和工程地质特征,重点探讨了风化深槽内隐伏断裂发育迹象。结果表明,断裂破碎带是形成风化深槽的控制因素,深圳湾地区受北东向五华—深圳断裂带和北西向狮子洋—珠江口断裂带相互交切作用,断裂破碎带宽,断裂力学性质属压扭性兼具张性,利于风化作用向深部扩展;后海风化深槽内全风化岩、强风化岩特别深厚,风化岩强度低。