Preliminary genome analysis bacterium Pseudoalteromonas potential applications of psychrotolerant marine sp. BSw20308 reveals its

The genus Pseudoalteromonas is ubiquitous in the marine environment and can synthesize a wide range of extracellular compounds. Psychrotolerant Pseudoalteromonas sp. BSw20308 was isolated from the Chukchi Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It produces a number of extracellular enzymes that can degrade polysaccharides and proteins. The BSw20308 genome was sequenced to 38.1-fold coverage, and the sequences were assembled into 146 contigs （〉~500 bp）. In total, 4 172 open reading frames （ORFs） with an average gene length of 987 bp were detected. At least 86 ORFs were predicted by sequence analysis to encode a variety of catalytic modules involved in the degradation of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. In addition, 36 ORFs were predicted to encode catalytic modules involved in the degradation of organic pollutants and halogenated compounds, and in the production of bioactive compounds. The draft genome sequence of BSw20308 provides new information about the ecological function and adaptation of the genus Pseudoalteromonas in Arctic marine environments, and also indicates its potential applica- tions in the biotechnology industries （e.g., enzymology, and pollutant degradation）.     

铁及超声辅助铁还原降解水中氯乙酸及其动力学研究

以二氯乙酸(DCAA)和三氯乙酸(TCAA)为目标污染物,研究了铁(Fe0)和超声辅助铁(US-Fe0)还原降解水溶液中氯乙酸,以及溶液初始pH值、Fe0投加量、反应温度、反应时间、氯乙酸初始浓度对降解率的影响,并对降解的动力学进行了初步研究。结果表明,Fe0还原氯乙酸的最佳条件是:pH值为4.0、铁投加量为4g·L-1,室温条件下反应16h。超声辅助对Fe0还原水中氯乙酸的反应具有显著促进作用。在初始浓度为50μg·L-1时,US-Fe0还原降解DCAA和TCAA的降解率分别为87.3%和82.0%。Fe0和US-Fe0还原降解氯乙酸均符合准一级反应动力学(对氯乙酸),降解的表观速率常数分别为1.03×10-3 s-1(Fe0还原DCAA)、5.70×10-3 s-1(US-Fe0还原DCAA)和5.63×10-4 s-1(Fe0还原TCAA)、2.58×10-3 s-1(US-Fe0还原TCAA)。TCAA脱氯生成DCAA是降解的速率控制步骤。     

Photodegradation of methylene blue in natural seawater

This paper reports the photochemical degradation of Methylene Blue(MB)in natural seawater(NSW).The photodegradation reaction conformed to the first-order reaction kinetics with the rate constant 0.0158 min-1.MB was photochemically degradated faster under high-pressure mercury lamp(HPML)than under sunlight.When MB was in lower concentrations,salinity could inhibit the photoreaction whereas MB in higher concentration,salinity could accelerate the photoreaction.Humid acid could also inhibit the photoreactions.Toxicity tests with marine phytoplankton Skeletonema costatum(Sk)and Heterosigma akashiwo Hada (Ha)showed decreased acute toxicity after photodegradation.     

Analysis of soil biogeochemical characteristics in the process of karst rocky desertification

The sampling method of karst soil is always the one used for non-karst area. However, if the samples can represent the plot, it still needs further investigation due to high degree of spatial variability of karst soil. The study results of soil from the Maolan karst virgin forest in Guizhou Province elucidated that only the surface area-weighted samples could represent plot soils in the karst ecosystem. The remediation of karst rocky desertification has currently become a national issue, but soil degradation research on rocky desertification genesis types and processes is still insufficient. Soil physical, chemical, biological characteristics and enzymes activities from plots of different rocky desertification genesis types and grades in the Cha＇eryan catchment in the Huajiang Gorge area, Guizhou, were studied. The results showed that woodcutting and land reclamation influenced soil biogeochemical characteristics, and the influence of different disturbing ways was huge. The author suggested a soil degradation index system which could illustrate the rocky desertification genesis type and extent. The degraded modes of woodcutting and reclamation sequence were different, both had no synchronism with rocky desertification grades divided by current landscape index. Only soil of serious grade degraded evidently in wood cutting sequence. On the contrary, soils of slight, medium and serious grades degraded evidently in the reclamation sequence.     

海洋细菌对DMSP的降解及其在极地低温海域的研究进展

DMSP(二甲基巯基丙酸内盐)是地球上最丰富的有机含硫化合物之一,同时也是海洋微生物的重要营养物。浮游植物是其主要的生产者。DMSP还是海洋中DMS(二甲基硫)的重要来源和前体,而DMS的排放与全球气候变化存在密切关联。细菌在DMSP的降解及DMS的生成方面扮演着重要角色。有关DMSP生物合成、代谢及其生态影响的研究已开展了近70年,但涉及高纬度极地低温海域的相关研究却为数甚少。本文在简要介绍DMSP生物合成与代谢,以及DMSP降解途径中的关键酶基因及其产生菌的基础上,结合笔者的工作实践,对近年来在极地低温海域的相关研究进行了介绍并展开了部分讨论。随着国内对微生物驱动水圈地球元素循环的重视,有关极地海域细菌参与DMSP/DMS代谢的研究工作将极大地增进人们对于微生物在极地海洋生态系统中生态地位的认识,也对评估极地海洋微生物群落对全球气候环境变化的响应与反馈具有重要的参考意义。     

海洋石油降解菌群的固定化及石油降解特性

为克服岸滩溢油生物修复过程中海浪冲刷等不利环境对石油降解菌(群)岸滩定植的影响,本文利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)和海藻酸钠作为载体对石油降解菌群DC10进行固定化,通过研究细菌固定化微球的机械性能、传质性能及石油降解特性等参数,确定石油降解菌群的最优固定化条件。实验结果表明:6%PVA,2%海藻酸钠及0.5%活性炭制备的凝胶可以通过蠕动泵方便快捷制备细菌固定化微球,其粘度小、易成型、机械强度高。海洋石油降解分析表明,与游离菌体(FB)相比,固定化菌群12d石油降解率提高了近7%;GC-MS分析显示,石油烷烃和芳烃降解效果显著。实验证明,石油降解菌群DC10经过固定化处理,其石油降解活性提高,连续降解能力增强,该研究为溢油岸滩的生物修复提供新的技术方法。     

基于水淘选分级的长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中有机碳的来源、分布和保存

从分级的角度认识大河三角洲前缘河口沉积有机碳的来源、分布和保存对深刻理解全球碳循环具有重要意义。于2012年6月采集了长江口和浙闽沿岸共6个站位的表层沉积物样品,采用水淘选的方法按照颗粒物水动力直径大小对其进行分级分离,分析了这些分级样品的有机碳含量、稳定同位素、比表面积以及木质素等参数,并且结合蒙特卡洛模拟的三端元混合模型,讨论了此区域不同粒级沉积有机碳的来源、分布和保存特点。结果表明,长江口表层沉积物的有机碳在小粒级中含量较高,如8~16μm粒级有机碳含量的均值为1.30%,而32~63μm粒级的均值为0.90%,但是大粒级有机碳对沉积物有机碳的贡献最高(81.3%),这是因为大粒级的质量贡献占绝对优势(72.0%)。三端元混合模型的计算结果表明,长江口表层沉积物中沉积有机碳的贡献以海洋来源为主(平均为73%),土壤和维管植物也有一定贡献(平均值分别为21%和6%)。在小粒级(8~16μm)中,土壤对于沉积有机碳的贡献显著高于其他粒级,这是由于土壤有机质比较容易富集在细颗粒上。木质素的参数,如C/V(0.04~0.32)和S/V(0.33~1.23),显示长江口表层沉积物主要来源于草本和木本被子植物的混合,随着粒级的增大,草本被子植物的来源逐渐增多。浙闽沿岸分级沉积物的OC/SSA0.4mg/m2,而长江口的站位中OC/SSA0.4mg/m2,表明长江口沉积有机碳的保存效率比浙闽沿岸的高。木质素降解参数,如(Ad/Al)v、3,5-Bd/V和P/(S+V)随着粒级的增大逐渐降低,表明小粒级降解程度较高,而大粒级中降解程度较低。     

水母(沙海蜇)降解与营养盐(氮、磷)释放的模拟与实证

The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen and phosphorus released in the process of the decomposition of giant jellyfish in the laboratory and found the evidence to verify the influence of nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish on the ecosystem in the field. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai was examined in a series of experiments under different incubation conditions such as different p H values, salinity values, temperatures and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. The results showed that the complete decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai generally took about 4–8 d. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai could be divided into two stages: the early stage and the later stage, although the efflux rate of nitrogen was one order more than phosphorus. In the early stage of the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in seawater increased rapidly, and the concentration of nitrogen could reach the highest level in the whole degradation process. In the later stage of the decomposition, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and total nitrogen declined slowly, while the concentration of phosphorus in water could reach a maximum in the degradation process. High p H, low salinity,high temperature and N/P will promote the release of nitrogen; low p H is unfavorable to the release of nitrogen but favorable to the release of phosphorus. In addition, we found the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate in the bottom water were higher than those in the surface water during the period of jellyfish bloom in the Jiaozhou Bay, proving that nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish have significant influence on nitrogen and phosphorus in the field. For the whole Yellow Sea, nutrients released by jellyfish carcasses may reach up to(2.63±2.98)×107 mol/d of dissolved nitrogen(DN) and(0.74±0.84)×106 mol/d of dissolved phosphorus(DP) during the period of jellyfish bloom. The values are comparable to riverine inputs in a day, but much higher than sediment–water exchange flux in the Yellow Sea. The great amounts of nutrients must have significant influence on the nutrients balance of the Yellow Sea during the period of jellyfish dead and decomposition. Both the experimental data and field observations proved that the decomposition of jellyfish may release a great amount of nutrient to the surrounding environment during the period of jellyfish decomposition.