硝酸根对颗粒状铁降解三氯乙烯的影响(英文)

为研究硝酸根对颗粒状铁降解三氯乙烯的影响,进行了柱实验和相应的反应铁腐蚀电位测定。在硝酸根离子存在条件下,铁的腐蚀电位相应升高,系统条件也因之发生变化,导致钝性的铁氧化物在铁表面生成。因而,三氯乙烯和硝酸根离子降解速率明显减小, 并且降解速率减小的程度与硝酸根离子的浓度成比例。当污染液流过反应柱时,硝酸根离子与铁反应, 被还原为氨根离子。该反应造成硝酸根离子的浓度梯度,使钝化区在柱中上移,从而影响了三氯乙烯的降解曲线。与三氯乙烯单独与铁反应相比,当含4 7 mg/L硝酸根的三氯乙烯溶液流经反应柱170 孔隙体积后,降解50% 三氯乙烯所需的时间(t50) 从小于4 h增加到大于10 h;而当三氯乙烯溶液中加入100 mg/L硝酸根离子,仅17 孔隙体积溶液流经反应柱后,三氯乙烯降解t50就已大于14 h。研究结果表明,由于硝酸根离子对铁的腐蚀电位和铁表面氧化膜的不利作用,在处理靶污染物为高浓度硝酸根离子和三氯乙烯共同污染的地下水时,铁渗透反应隔栅不是最佳选择。如果靶污染物中硝酸根离子浓度比较低,则在设计铁隔栅时应考虑到硝酸根离子造成的不利因素,相应增加铁墙的厚度,从而确保三氯乙烯的降解效果。     

Hydrocarbon degradation potential of autochthonous bacteria from the Yellow River delta soil

Microbial remediation potential to crude oil-contaminated soils in the Yellow River delta was assessed. Hydrocarbons degradaters were isolated from the soil samples obtained from the Yellow River delta. A selected mixed microbial consortium （MYRD-1） and two individual isolates （YRD-3 and YRD-4） were further tested for optimal performance and degradation of different hydrocarbons. The results demonstrated that the optimal crude oil biodegradation conditions for the mixed microbial consortium were at temperature of 28 ℃, salt concentration of 15‰, and pH of 8, and the optimal C/N/P ratio was found to be 70 ： 3 ： 1. Isolate YRD-3 could only use n-alkanes （C8, C12 and C16） as the sole source of carbon and YRD-4 could transform only naphthalene and phenanthrene. The optimal performance conditions for both isolates were at salt concentration of 20‰, and pH of 7, and C/N/P ratio of 80 ： 5 ： 1, but the temperature for YRD-3 was 24 ℃ and 28 ℃ for YRD-4. Capacity to transform hydrocarbons for the mixed microbial consortium and both isolates could be improved in a liquid medium supplemented using a mixture of alkanes and/or aromatic hydrocarbons （naphthalene and phenanthrene）, but the transformation of different substrates by MYRD-1 was higher than both isolates, showing the importance of mixed bacteria （microbial community） in hydrocarbon degradation.     

Naphthalene and phenol degradation by Flavobacterium sp. DQ398100 and Pseudomonas putida, DQ399838 isolated from petroleum polluted soil

The solubilization and degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in soil was amending by many microorganisms. One of these microorganisms is Bacteria, which were isolated from different contaminated areas at Kafer El Zyat City, Gharbia governorate, Egypt. Wastes samples were collected and bacterial isolation was carried out using enriched media technique. More than 78 isolates were obtained and the degradation capability was examined for all of them. Fingerprinting was carried out for all the isolates using REP-PCR and the obtained results grouped them into 10 groups. Two bacterial strains from the isolated bacteria were showed high degradation talent and specificity for the type of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons （naphthalene or phenol）. Pseudomonas putida （DQ399838） and Flavobacterium sp. （DQ398100） were identified and their degradation capacity was examined using real time method. Strain P. putida showed degradation rate for naphthalene reached to 50% after 20 hours from inoculation. However, Flavobacterium sp. reached 50% rate of degradation after 17 hours from inoculation time. Whenever, the soil degradation rate can be enhanced by adding these adapted bacteria to the soil and amendment of these bacteria which will help in bioremediation technology.     

Degradation of petroleum contaminants in oil

The treatment of diesel-contaminated soil with hydrogen peroxide oxidation is investigated in this paper. The factors influencing reactions such as initial oil content, H2O2 dosage, pH-value, catalyst and so on are studied. The results indicate that it is feasible to remediate diesel-contaminated soil by adding oxidant directly at room temperature because of higher absolute removal content although the degradation efficiency is low for the contaminated soil of 1%, 2% and 5% initial oil content. The more the H2O2 dosage, the better the degradation efficiency; it is economical and efficient to add 4 mL H2O2 to 10 g diesel-contaminated soil （2% or so） directly in-situ chemical oxidation （ICO）. For the contaminated soil of 5% initial oil content, when pH-value is 5-8 and H202 dosage is 20 mL, the removal efficiency reaches more than 96%; when pH-value is 1-3 and volume ratios of H2O2 to Fe^2＋ are 1 ： 1, 2：2, the degradation efficiencies are all very high （i.e., 86%-88% or so）. It can be concluded that the degradation efficiencies are comparative when adding 1 mL or 2 mL H2O2 of Fenton Reagent or adding 4 mL of H2O2 only to 10 g diesel-contaminated soil.     

构造应力对煤化作用的影响*——应力降解机制与应力缩聚机制

压力因素在煤化作用中的意义是一个长期争议的问题，其主要原因在于混淆了地层压力和构造应力两种不同性质的“压力”作用，前者有利于物理煤化作用但抑制化学煤化作用，后者对物理煤化作用和化学煤化作用均具有促进作用。与有机大分子演化途径相适应，构造应力影响化学煤化作用存在两种基本机制——应力降解和应力缩聚。应力降解是指构造应力以机械力或动能形式作用于煤有机大分子，使煤芳环结构上的侧链、官能团等分解能较低的化学键断裂，降解为分子量较小的自由基团，以流体有机质形式（烃类）逸出的过程。应力缩聚是指在各向异性的构造应力作用下，煤芳环叠片通过旋转、位移、趋于平行排列使秩理化程度提高，基本结构单元定向生长和优先拼叠、芳香稠环体系增大的过程。采用X衍射（XRD）、傅立叶红外（FTIR）和岩石热解（Rock-eval）等技术，进行构造煤系列和非构造煤系列的对比分析，结果表明，构造变形煤具有脂族吸收峰弱而芳核吸收峰强、热解生烃潜力相对较低、基本结构单元增大等显著特征。应力降解和应力缩聚机制的提出，并未否认有机质演化的温度主导作用，只是强调构造应力在煤化作用中的“催化”意义。     

云南潦浒第三纪褐煤盆地白泡煤成因特点

云南潦浒褐煤盆地白泡煤在煤层结构、煤岩组分及物理化学性质等方面有着显著的特点，对其分类地位和成因一直存在较大争议作者运用煤岸学、煤化学方法及电子显微技术（选区电子衍射SAD及暗场DF方法）对白泡煤显微组分特征、降解组分超微结构和腐植酸组成等做了系统对比研究。研究结果进一步验证了潦浒白泡煤是以草本植物为主体的草本—木本植物组合体在中位沼泽环境中形成的推论。     

高成熟和过成熟海相碳酸盐岩生烃条件评价方法研究

提出了以源岩烃降解率为基础的残余有机碳和残余生烃潜力的恢复方法。研究表明,各类源岩残余有机碳恢复系数与镜质体反射率呈线性函数关系。而残余生烃潜力恢复系数与镜质反射率呈二次函数关系。经塔里木盆地和华北地区寒武系、奥陶系高演化海相碳酸盐岩残余有机碳及残余生烃潜力恢复,结果表明,碳酸盐源岩生烃有机质丰度及生烃潜力下限值与碎屑岩基本相同。     

细菌降解前后小球藻热模拟生成的气,油和类干酷根

本文对比研究了枯草杆菌降解作用前后小球藻热模拟生成的气、油和类干酷根的特征。经细菌降解作用后、小球藻热解产气率提高了２．０９倍，热解产气组分中烃气／非烃气比值提高了一倍。蛋白质可能是小球藻热模拟产气的重要分子来源。细菌的降解作用对于早期成因的生物气或生物热催化气的形成具有重要意义。细菌降解作用可提高小球藻细胞的粗脂肪（氯仿沥青“Ａ”）含量，而类脂化合物是藻细胞热解产生烷烃的主要分子来源。     

ABR反应器基质降解动力学有关参数的试验研究

通过静态模拟实验探讨了厌氧折流板反应器各级基质降解动力学。试验结果表明在25℃条件下,各级有机底物最大比降解速率Vmax和饱和常数Ks分别依次为3.06/d-1、1.52/d-1、0.97/d-1和20157.89mg/L、2947.38mg/L、7007.40mg/L。通过各级Vmax的比较可知,级中微生物活性最大,微生物处于对数增殖期,而、级中微生物处于减速增殖期或内源呼吸期。     

Enzymatic and Microbial Degradation of Organic Matter in Lake Hongfeng, Guizhou Province, China

1IntroductionEnzymaticandmicrobialdegradationoforganicmatterhasabearingnotonlyonearlydiagene sis,butalsoonelementcyclingandmicrobedistributioninlakesediments.Somereportsshowedtheabundancevariationsoforganicmatterinsediments (BurdigeandGardner,1998;ArthurandDean ,1998;WanGuojiangetal.,2 0 0 0 ) .However,duetothecomplexchemicalcompositionoforganicmatter,mechanismsofenzymaticandmicrobialdegradationandvariationsofeachchemicalcomponentneedtobestudiedfurther.Underanoxiccondition ,SO2 -4 isanimpo…