Effects of precipitation and landuse on runoff during the past 50 years in a typical watershed in the Loess Plateau, China

In the past century, great progress has been made worldwide in our understanding of forest-water relationship. The successful forestation programs implemented in China-which have improved the ecological environmental conditions-have gained the attention of many researchers and highlighted the relationship between forestation and water yields. The arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau has received attention from water engineers and eco-hydrological researchers in China because of a shortage in water resources. We selected one of the oldest stations conducting soil and water conservation experiments, the Xifeng soil and water conservation station, and chose the Nanxiaohe catchment and its paired catchments （Yangjiagou catchment and Dongzhuanggou catchment） as our research areas. Trends in precipitation, air temperature, streamflow over the past 50 years, and the effect of changing land use on streamflow were analyzed. The Mann-Kendall test showed that precipitation had a negative trend （downward trend）, whereas air temperature showed a positive trend （upward trend） from the past to present in the Nanxiaohe catchment. However, the trends seen in precipitation, air temperature did not contain any ＂jumping points.＂ The paired catchment approach is used to detect the effects of land cover change on hydrology in the Yangjiagou and the contrast catchment, i.e., Dongzhuanggou catchment in our study. The results showed a large change in land use in the Yangjiagou catchment from 1954 to 2008. An increase in forested land （from 0% to 40.08% from 1954 to 2008） and a reduction of bare land （from 51.26% to 5.50% from 1954 to 2008） accounted for a large part of the change in land use. However, the land use changed little in the contrast catchment. The comparison of streamfiow in the paired catchments showed that forestation reduced streamflow by 49.63% （or 6.5 mm） each year.     

基于无人机LiDAR系统的坝控流域地貌形态和侵蚀分区的提取

黄土丘陵沟壑区地貌形态是区域土壤侵蚀的主要影响因素.针对该区典型的淤地坝坝控区,利用无人机LiDAR系统获取淤地坝坝控区小尺度区域三维激光点云数据和可见光影像数据,应用RiPROCESS和Inpho UASMaster软件生成高精度DEM和DOM数据,提取出坝控区地貌形态和土壤侵蚀分区.应用结果表明,无人机LiDAR系...     

新疆白杨河流域达坂城地下水文参数及出流测评

新疆白杨河流域达坂城位于天山博格达峰山前冲击、洪积山间盆地干旱区,源于天山多支源流汇集于盆地南端峡口,形成下游并由有多支流沿程补给白杨河干流,穿越极端干旱戈壁荒漠托克逊县直至末端吐鲁番市境内尾闾—艾丁湖,是我国典型少有干旱极端干旱叠加型流域灌区。为探寻流域上游达坂城地下水文地质特征,基于潜水非完整井观测抽水试验,采用裘布衣模型和正交试验评估地下水含水层主要水文地质参数及单井出流能力。结果表明,高崖子和阿克苏河段潜水层地下水文地质平均含水层厚度H、渗透系数K和导水系数T分别为10～11 m、18～21 m/d和200～203 m/d,含水层厚度变幅与井水深动态相呼应,单井流量丰富且与渗透系数K和导水系数T相互影响较大,地下含水层渗透速率处于较高水平状态,与河流河床多戈壁砂砾地质吻合,为流域上游达坂城源流区地下水文地质及出流评估提供依据。     

冰碛土体起动泥石流的特征研究

与广泛分布于干旱河谷的宽级配砾石土体特征不同,冰碛土广泛分布在青藏高原地区,属粗大颗粒多、粘粒含量少、摩擦阻力大、粘滞阻力小的宽级配砾石土体。在冰川融雪与降雨的共同作用下冰碛土体可失稳并起动泥石流,形成灾害。针对冰碛土体起动泥石流机理研究薄弱的现状,本文选取波密县帕隆藏布流域的支流嘎弄沟一冰碛土堆积坡面,通过模拟降水与冰雪融水起动冰川泥石流实验,比较不同颗粒组成、不同实验条件下的土体起动泥石流特征,分析其起动成因及力学特性,探讨冰碛土体起动泥石流的机理。研究发现冰碛土体失稳起动泥石流是粘滞阻力降低、孔隙水压力升高、拖曳力与渗流侵蚀共同作用的结果,起动过程受粘土颗粒含量和径流类型的影响。当粘粒含量较高时（> 3%）,土体通过铲蚀与面蚀形成泥石流;粘粒含量中低时（不高于3%）,大部分坡面土体主要经掏蚀与坍塌起动泥石流;粘粒含量过低时（< 0.32%）,土体难以起动泥石流。在降水作用下土体孔隙水压力迅速增加,易造成土体破坏,起动泥石流;而在冰雪融水的作用下,土体孔隙水压力波动幅度不大时,土体同样可能发生失稳破坏起动泥石流。

     

故乡的唐河新道

透骨的寒风卷着村落的荒凉,生冷地吹打着归心似箭的返乡人的行囊。载着形形色色路人的公共汽车在这条崎岖不平的堤坡上颠簸着,透过浑浊的玻璃窗,我又看到那条熟悉的唐河新道,如饱经沧桑的老人,安静祥和地沉睡在这方故土上。唐河,是海河流域大清河南支水系主要支流之一。它发源于山西省浑源县,穿山西省灵邱县进入河北省境内,先后流经涞源、顺平、唐县,纳通天河至西雹水村始出山区,进入平原,于定州市穿过京广铁路,下经望都、清苑进入唐河新道,在安新县同口镇     

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A WATERSHED-SCALE SEDIMENT INFORMATION NETWORK

A "Watershed-Scale Sediment Information Network" (WaSSIN), designed to complement UNESCO’s International Sedimentation Initiative, was endorsed as an initial project by the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research. WaSSIN is to address global fluvial-sediment information needs through a network approach based on consistent protocols for the collection, analysis, and storage of fluvial-sediment and ancillary information at smaller spatial scales than those of the International Sedimentation Initiative. As a second step of implementation, it is proposed herein that the WaSSIN have a general structure of two components, (1) monitoring and data acquisition and (2) research. Monitoring is to be conducted in small watersheds, each of which has an established database for discharge of water and suspended sediment and possibly for bed load, bed material, and bed topography. Ideally, documented protocols have been used for collecting, analyzing, storing, and sharing the derivative data. The research component is to continue the collection and interpretation of data, to compare those data among candidate watersheds, and to determine gradients of fluxes and processes among the selected watersheds. To define gradients and evaluate processes, the initial watersheds will have several common attributes. Watersheds of the first group will be: (1) six to ten in number, (2) less than 1000 km2 in area, (3) generally in mid-latitudes of continents, and (4) of semiarid climate. Potential candidate watersheds presently include the Weany Creek Basin, northeastern Australia, the Zhi Fanggou catchment, northern China, the Eshtemoa Watershed, southern Israel, the Metsemotlhaba River Basin, Botswana, the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, Brazil, and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southwestern United States.     

流域水生态健康评价得分模型设计与实现

当前,流域水生态健康已经成为社会关注的热点问题,随着地理信息技术不断发展与成熟,关于流域水生态健康的相关研究与工作更加便捷.本文以云南滇池作为研究对象,构建了流域水生态健康评价指标,利用数据库存储过程实现了健康评价得分模型,并基于WebGIS技术实现了健康评价得分模型服务发布与评价结果展示,为流域治理和恢复提供帮助.     

跨流域调水对区域自然生态环境影响评价

介绍了跨流域调水对区域自然生态环境的影响,并以引黄济津、引黄济衡、引黄补淀为例,从气候气象、土壤底质、水文水质三方面对跨流域调水的自然生态环境影响进行了定性、定量讨论,提出在充分论证水资源的流域性时空分布不均的前提下,要综合考虑对自然环境、生物多样性和人类社会的影响,采取最科学、有效的调水方案,使生态环境的负面影响最小化,生态效益最大化。     

流域水文模型中河道断面概化的原理和方法

河道断面概化是开展水文、水动力学模拟的基础性工作.本文在对已有概化方法总结的基础上,提出了一套适用于流域水文模型的概化方法.该方法通过对实测断面的水深～过水面积关系进行回归分析,得到概化梯形断面的下底宽和边坡系数两个重要参数,使得概化后的断面与实测断面保持一致的水位～流量关系.以图们江流域为例,应用该方法对流域内15个实测断面进行概化,同时分析断面集水面积与断面形状、大小间关系.实例研究结果显示,该方法能较好地对河道断面进行概化,可应用于分布式水文模拟.     

主成分等变换及组合分类在半湿润流域的应用

以东湾流域为研究区,首先对TM影像进行主成分分析(PCA),缨帽变换,色调、亮度、饱和度彩色变换(HIS),并求得归一化植被指数、归一化建筑指数、归一化水体指数、归一化裸土指数、归一化阴影指数和第四波段灰度共生矩阵纹理特征,构造了新的特征影像;然后对其分别进行PCA、独立主成分分析(ICA)、最小噪声分离(MNF)3种变换;再对变换后的结果分别进行最大似然法、神经网络以及支持向量机(SVM)分类,以研究不同变换、不同分类方法的差异。提出了一种新的降低特征相关性的方法,并确定了最有效的一种分类—变换组合。结果表明,新特征降维方法的分类精度达到了93.457%,而单一特征降维方法最高分类精度为91.955%,证明该方法能更有效地提取影像特征。