Methane hydrate formation comparisons in media with and without a water source supply

Water is a necessary element during gas hydrate formations. Therefore, by analyzing water depletion changes in media, the reaction characteristics of methane hydrate in media can be studied. In this study, two water sources supplying some liquid water which may be consumed by the methane hydrate formation reactions were designed and assembled. Using them, the full formation processes of methane hydrate was studied. Experimental results show the following： If heat released from nucleation reaction of methane hydrate is diffused rapidly, the nucleation ratios will be enhanced discernibly. While the hydrate is formed, a force is generated that sucks fresh water from the source into the vicinity of the hydrate, slowing down the cementation process and causing some hydrate grain dissociation. As a result of cementation differences, the hydrate reaction processes with different water sources present linear or quadratic equation characteristics. After a few repeated dissociation and formation processes of some hydrate grains caused by the fresh water, the gas amounts contained in hydrate will be significantly enhanced.     

海水酸化对鹿角珊瑚光谱特性影响的分析

海水酸化造成全球珊瑚礁严重退化,应用卫星遥感手段可以快速地对珊瑚礁进行监测。在野外做酸度对比实验具有条件不易控制、周期长等局限性。文章提出一种室内测量珊瑚光谱的方法,通过比较不同酸度梯度下珊瑚光谱的变化,为研究海水酸化对珊瑚的影响提供了一种新的思路。试验采用7.6、7.9和8.1的酸度梯度,结果表明:在pH为8.1和7.9环境条件下,珊瑚的光谱趋势大体一致,总体上珊瑚光谱波峰出现了向长波方向的红移。但是在pH为7.6的条件下,珊瑚的光谱在650~700nm之间出现一个反常的吸收谷,这是由于pH 7.6的酸度条件适宜一些藻类生长,藻类附着在珊瑚表面,从而影响了其光谱特性。     

卫星测高不同波形重构方法的偏差特性分析

利用我国近海4条轨迹、40个周期EnviSat-1的卫星测高波形数据,采用OCOG、Threshold、5-β参数算法以及Ocean法进行波形重构计算。根据不同轨迹和周期的波形数据,由上述四种方法重构海面高并计算相互之间的偏差及其中误差。结果表明,OCOG、Threshold、5-β参数算法与Ocean方法之间的偏差分别为88.46cm、35.90cm和25.83cm,相应的中误差分别为2.11cm、1.96cm和0.41cm,而且该偏差量对于不同的轨迹和周期是不变的。因此,只要对系统偏差进行改正,就能融合不同波形重构方法求得海面高,充分发挥不同波形重构方法在不同海区的优势,为近岸海域海平面变化,大地水准面的研究提供高精度的资料。     

中国近海海洋光学特性及其分布

在"我国近海海洋综合调查与评价"的光学调查项目中,通过2006年夏季、冬季和2007年春季、秋季的中国近海海洋光学调查试验,获取了表观光学资料、固有光学资料和相应的辅助资料。利用这些数据,开展了中国近海海洋光学特性及其分布研究工作。(1)通过分析特征波段遥感反射比(Rrs(412)和Rrs(490))的分布情况,发现主要河口有着明显的区域性和季节性变化特点。(2)通过分析遥感反射比光谱资料,发现了不同区域遥感反射比光谱体现了不同的特点,而且成因不同。(3)通过分析400nm水色要素吸收系数分布情况,发现了河流陆源物质输入对近岸非色素颗粒物分布特性有重要影响,其次对黄色物质也有很大的影响,而浮游植物及其腐烂降解的产物对水体中黄色物质浓度产生的影响不大。(4)通过分析400nm水色三要素吸收系数占总吸收系数比例,发现不同海区光学特性的主要影响要素也各不相同。     

Optical closure of parameterized bio-optical relationships

An optical closure study on bio-optical relationships was carried out using radiative transfer model matrix operator method developed by Freie Universitt Berlin.As a case study,the optical closure of bio-optical relationships empirically parameterized with in situ data for the East China Sea was examined.Remote-sensing refl ectance(R rs)was computed from the inherent optical properties predicted by these biooptical relationships and compared with published in situ data.It was found that the simulated R rs was overestimated for turbid water.To achieve optical closure,bio-optical relationships for absorption and scattering coeffi cients for suspended particulate matter were adjusted.Furthermore,the results show that the Fournier and Forand phase functions obtained from the adjusted relationships perform better than the Petzold phase function.Therefore,before bio-optical relationships are used for a local sea area,the optical closure should be examined.     

Assessing seawater quality with a variable fuzzy recognition model

With the rapid development of the marine economy industry, human exploitation of marine resources is increasing, which is contributing to the growing trend of eutrophication and frequent occurrence of red tide. Accordingly, investigations of seawater quality have attracted a great deal of attention. This study was conducted to construct a seawater environmental quality assessment model based on the variable fuzzy recognition model. The uncertainty and ambiguity of the seawater quality assessment were then considered, combining the monitoring values of evaluation indicators with the standard values of seawater quality. Laizhou Bay was subsequently selected for a case study. In this study, the correct variable model for different parameters was obtained according to the linear and nonlinear features of evaluation objects. Application of the variable fuzzy recognition model for Laizhou Bay, water quality evaluation and comparison with performance obtained using other approaches revealed that the generated model is more reliable than traditional methods, can more reasonably determine the water quality of various samples, and is more suitable for evaluation of a multi-index, multi-level, nonlinear marine environment system; accordingly, the generated model will be an effective tool for seawater quality evaluation.     

Tests of new in-situ seabed acoustic measurement system in Qingdao

A new in-situ seabed acoustic measurement system is developed for direct in-situ measurement of sediment geoacoustic properties （compressional wave velocity and attenuation）. The new in-situ system consists of two parts： the deck control unit and the underwater measurement unit. The underwater measurement unit emits sonic waves that propagate through the seafloor sediment, receives the returning signals, and transmits them to the deck control unit for waveform display and analysis. The entire operation is controlled and monitored in real time by the deck control unit on the research vessel and can provide recording of full waveforms to determine the sound velocity and attenuation. This paper outlines the design of the system, the measurement process, and demonstrates its application in tests carded out on seabed sediment off the Qingdao coast, China. The test results show that the system performed well and rapidly provided accurate in-situ acoustic velocity and attenuation estimates of the seafloor sediment.     

Land use effects on soil organic carbon,microbial biomass and microbial activity in Changbai Mountains of Northeast China

Land use changes are known to alter soil organic carbon （SOC） and microbial properties, however, information about how conversion of natural forest to agricultural land use as well as plantations affects SOC and microbial properties in the Changbai Moun- tains of Northeast China is meager. Soil carbon content, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, basal respiration and soil carbon mineraliza- tion were studied in five selected types of land use： natural old-growth broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest （NF）; spruce plantation （SP） established following clear-cutting of NF; cropland （CL）; ginseng farmland （GF） previously under NF; and a five-year Mongolian oak young forest （YF） reforested on an abandoned GF, in the Changbai Mountains of Northeast China in 2011. Results showed that SOC content was significantly lower in SP, CL, GF, and YF than in NF. MBC ranged from 304.4 mg/kg in CL to 1350.3 mg/kg in NF, which was significantly higher in the soil of NF than any soil of the other four land use types. The SOC and MBC contents were higher in SP soil than in CL, GF, and YF soils, yielding a significant difference between SP and CL. The value of basal respiration was also higher in NF than in SP, CL, GF, and YF. Simultaneously, higher values of the metabolic quotient were detected in CL, GF, and YF soils, indicat- ing low substrate utilization of the soil microbial community compared with that in NF and SP soil. The values of cumulative mineral- ized carbon and potentially mineralized carbon （Co） in NF were significantly higher than those in CL and GF, while no significant dif- ference was observed between NF and SP. In addition, YF had higher values of Co and C mineralization rate compared with GF. The results indicate that conversion from NF into agricultural land （CL and GF） uses and plantation may lead to a reduction in soil nutrients （SOC and MBC） and substrate utilization efficiency of the microbial community. By contrast, soils below SP were more conducive to the preservation of soil organic matter, which was reflected in the comparison of microbial indicators among CL, GF, and YF land uses. This study can provide data for evaluating soils nutrients under different land use types, and serve as references for the rational land use of natural forest in the study area.     

山西省和顺县松烟镇关家峪石榴子石加工流程探讨

本文介绍了片岩型石榴子石的的物理和化学性质,对石榴子石分选工艺进行了说明和探讨,为该类型的石榴子石选矿工艺提供依据。     

Dynamic response analysis of a floating mooring system

An innovative floating mooring system with two or more independent floating mooring platforms in the middle and one rigid platform on each side is proposed for improving efficiency and safety in shallow water. For this new system, most of collision energy is absorbed through the displacement of floating platforms. In order to illustrate the validity of the system, a series of model tests were conducted at a scale of 1:40. The coupled motion characteristics of the floating mooring platforms were discussed under regular and irregular waves, and the influences of wave direction and other characteristics on dynamic response of the system were analyzed. The results show that the mooring system is safest at 0° of wave incident angle, whereas the most dangerous mooring state occurs at 90° of wave incident angle. Motion responses increase with the increase of wave height, but are not linearly related to changes in wave height.