龙喙之鱼——白鲟

<正>白鲟是我国特产。它有着呈梭形的身体,前部稍平扁,中段粗,后部略侧扁。虽称作白鲟,并非全身白色,只是腹部白;它的头、体背部和尾鳍均呈青灰色。发达的尾鳍上叶大于下叶,被称作歪形尾;前缘具一列棘状鳞;体无骨板状大硬鳞,鳃孔大,眼细小。分布于长江干支流中;岷江、钱塘江也有;东海、黄海曾有发现。     

珠江蕉门分汊河口分流比水槽实验研究

作为珠江主要的泄洪排沙口门,珠江蕉门主要承泄西北江的径流和泥沙,与虎门通过横向汊道凫洲水道连通,其分水分沙的比例对粤港澳大湾区防洪及通航安全至关重要。针对凫洲水道分流比问题,本文基于蕉门分汊河口的形态特点及地貌特征,设计系列水槽实验,探究凫洲水道分流比、分流比影响因子及其变化趋势等。结果表明：在保证宽度比、深度比和流量比均相似的情况下,该水槽实验可较高精度地模拟蕉门分汊河口分流比。凫洲水道分流比受到蕉门与虎门共同影响：虎门与蕉门的相对流速比越大,凫洲水道分流比越大,其主汊地位越明显。在现有的地貌特征条件下,凫洲水道主支汊转变的阈值是虎门与蕉门相对流速比,约为0.35。研究成果可为蕉门整治、保障其行洪通航安全等提供参考依据。     

一种变截面河口中潮能的劈分与传输及其对杭州湾潮能估算的应用

本文依据一种变截面河口中潮波传播的解析模式,导出了潮能的计算公式,讨论了潮能的劈分与传输。作为实际例子,利用所得之结果估算了杭州湾四个主要分潮波的能量。其结论是:单位自由表面以下水柱的平均势能和平均动能随着从湾口向里的距离的增加而增加,但前者较后者增加得快;半日潮波平均动能与平均势能之比约为二分之一,而全日潮波的相应比值仅约为十分之一;由湾口输入的总潮能约为3.58×10~6kW,而从澉浦附近断面流出的总能量约为0.49×10~6kW,于湾内耗散的总潮能为湾口输入的86%。     

Laboratory Simulation on Phosphorus Releasing near the Water／Sediment Interface in the East China Sea off the Changjiang Estuary

Surface sediment samples taken from the East China Sea off the Changjiang estuary are used as raw materials for phosphorus releasing experiment. It is found that after being thoroughly mixed with seawater for about 10 minutes, phosphorus released from the sediments reaches its maximum value. Adsorption kinetics can be fitted with both Elovich equation and two-constant rate equation. The releasing amount is closely related to the composition of the sediments. Phosphorus release from silty and muddy sediment is higher than from that dominated by sandy composition. For the desorption reaction, iron-phosphorus(Fe-P) is the most active one, with a releasing ratio higher than other phosphorus forms,followed by absorbed-phosphorus (Ad-P) and organic bound phosphorus (OP). All of them can be referred to as bio-available phosphorus. The results demonstrate that phosphorus in sediments can be released into seawater under suitable hydrodynamic conditions, and have a great impact on the nutrition state and primary productivity of marine biosphere.     

Preliminary study on the dissolved oxygen distributions and the influential factors in the Daliao River estuary and its adjacent areas

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were surveyed in the Daliao River Estuary in autumn to investigate the temporal and spatial trends of DO distributions, The results indicate that DO is weakly stratified in the Yingkou section of the Daliao River Estuary, and remains constant vertically in the areas near and out of the entrance. Horizontally, both instantaneous and continuous observations show that the Yingkou section of the Daliao River Estuary is affected by hypoxic conditions; while no conditions of low DO have been observed in the areas near and out of the entrance.DO-salinity correlations exhibit different controlling factors of DO distributions in different sections of the Daliao River Estuary. At the upstream part of the Yingkou section of the Daliao River (A1-A4), oxygen demanding materials and the associated biochemical processes are the main factor controlling the DO distribution, but in the lower part of the Yingkou section and the area near and out of the entrance (A5-A15), tidal advections are more influential for DO distributions.     

长江河口淡水端溶解态无机氮磷的通量

1998年2和9月在长江河口淡水端连续观测了DIN(NO₃-,NO₂-,NH₄+),PO₄3-,流速和流向.结果表明,溶解态无机氮、磷浓度的时空变化较复杂;1998年2月NO₃-,NO₂-,NH₄+和PO₄3-的月通量分别为168241,974.4,19335和2648t,9月的月通量分别为905678,8317,5797和6281t;1998年NO₃-,NO₂-,NH₄+和PO₄3-年通量分别为497.1×104,3.911×104,10.22×104和4.155×104t.     

波流共同作用下废黄河河口水下三角洲地形演变预测模式

通过对废黄河河口水下三角洲海域水文、泥沙、沉积和地形的调查分析，对组成水下三角洲-10--15m以深的平坦海床、-5--10m间的水下斜坡、-5m以浅的近岸浅滩三个地貌单元的水动力特征以及在波流和潮流作用下底部泥沙冲刷率的横向分布进行计算分析，并建立了水下三角洲地形横向剖面地形的演变预测模式。结果表明，在三角洲不同地貌单元内。由于所处不同的水动力条件和底部泥沙特性，出现了不同的侵蚀状态，其中在-10--15m以深的平坦海床，除了3m以上的大浪外，水动力作用以强劲的潮流冲刷为主，目前已接近冲刷相对平衡的状态，在-5--10m间的水下斜坡，受波浪和潮流的共同作用，冲刷强度大，地形剖面呈继续平行后退状态；-5m以浅的近岸浅滩，潮流作用相对较弱，以波浪为滩面的剧低为主，水深线不断向岸方向移动、滩宽变窄；0m以上的潮间带滩地，则波浪和潮流作用均较弱，近岸高滩接近相对稳定状态，有利于海岸线的工程防护。     

河口最大浑浊带形成的动力模式和数值试验

应用改进的ECOM模式,耦合泥沙输运模型,研究理想河口最大浑浊带形成的动力机制。河口最大浑浊带位于滞流点处,上下游余流均向该处输运泥沙,造成该处泥沙汇合,而由流场辐合产生的上升流又使该处的泥沙不易落淤。南岸(河口东向)的泥沙浓度比北岸高,最大浑浊带位于南岸,这是由于盐水入侵带来的高盐水位于北岸的底层,其斜压效应使底层的环流由北向南流动,把底层高浓度的泥沙向南岸平流,聚集于南岸底层。除上游河流泥沙来源外,强大的涨落潮流冲刷床面,使沉降于床面的泥沙再次悬浮,成为余流输运泥沙的来源之一。     

利用潮汐动力减轻深圳河污染的水力条件计算分析

建立了深圳河非恒定流数学模型，模型中考虑了过闸水头突变的计算方法，采用拉格朗日法研究深圳河上游的罗芳污水处理厂和滨河污水处理厂所排出污水沿深圳河的运动过程，计算分析了利用潮汐动力减轻深圳河污染的水力条件。结果表明，深圳河口建闸3种不同调控方案下污水运移至深圳河口的总时间有所增加，这对于减轻深圳河的污染情况不利；从大鹏湾抽调清水以增加上游来水量则会大大缩短污水运移至深圳河口的时间，从而减轻深圳河的污染状况。     

天津永定新河河口灾害地质因素分析

根据钻孔地层资料和声学地层解译资料,阐述了天津永定新河河口地区的多种影响工程建设的灾害地质因素,详细分析了这些灾害地质因素的性质及其对工程的危害,并提出了对这一地区施工的建议.