基于GIS的TM数据分类及辅助制图研究

本文初步研究了遥感、GIS和制图一体化实用技术方法。对黄土丘陵区和沙漠地区TM数据进行了特征信息分析;给出了分层分类和GIS辅助分类结果;经模糊推理和人机交互修改,将提“纯”的遥感专题数据作为GIS的动态信息源,对GIS进行扩充与更新;最后在GIS支持下分层提取专题图并进行辅助制图。     

十年来物探、化探、遥感工作的进展与今后工作的展望

十年来物探、化探、遥感工作取得了长足的进步:开辟和扩大了新的应用领域,覆盖了地质工作中区域调查、矿产普查和水文、工程、环境地质三大方面,取得了一批好的地质效果,方法技术有了较大进步,有的达到了国际先进水平。“八五”期间和今后十年物探、化探、遥感要为提高地质调查程度和加深矿产地质背景的认识,提高找矿命中率,加大探测深度,扩大服务领域等方面发挥特殊的作用。区域性工作要有计划地提高覆盖率,开展综合编图,深化地质解释,为解决某些基础地质问题和矿产普查指明方向。矿产勘查工作要系统开展成矿远景区的物探、化探普查,加强异常查证,提高寻找隐伏矿和难识别矿的能力。水文、工程、环境调查方面要拓宽遥感、物探、化探的服务领域,充分发挥它们的作用。技术进步取决于方法、技术、设备等方面的进步和方法、技术的优化组合。为使技术水平有较大提高,要组织某些重大的技术课题进行研究和攻关,还要适时制订修订技术标准、规范、规程。     

Analysis of the effect of geology, soil properties, and land use on groundwater quality using multivariate statistical and GIS methods

The regional survey of groundwater used as a small water supply system was performed to know the effect of geology, soil properties and land use on groundwater quality at Nonsan City, Korea. A total of 126 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed at the study area. The multivariate statistical methods, principal components analysis and discriminant analysis, and GIS technique were used for the quantitative interpretation of groundwater quality. The study area is mainly composed of Precambrian gneiss, Jurassic granite, and Cretaceous volcanics, and metasedimentary rocks of the Ogcheon zone. The land use was grouped as paddy, upland, grassland, resident, point source, industrial area, and water system. The soil properties were classified as 4 major groups, Entisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols, by the degree of development, and reclassified as 11 subgroups. The modified and simplified geologic map, soil map, and land use map were made by using ARCGIS soft-ware. The area of geology, soil property, and land use affecting the groundwater quality for each well were also calculated by ARCGIS soft-ware to acquire the quantitative parameters for multivariate statistical analysis. The monitoring results of groundwater in the study area showed that 13%-21% of the groundwater samples exceeded the portable water guideline and the main causes were turbidity, bacteria, arsenic and nitrate-N. The spatial distribution of each component showed the close relationship between groundwater quality and geology reflecting the topography, land use.     

Quantitative study of landscape patterns in homogenous carbonate rock distributed regions in Guizhou

With the utilization of GIS software, research is conducted on （a） the characteristics of cells, fragmentation, and patch fractal of landscape based on homogenous carbonate rocks in Guizhou; （b） causes of the formation of these characteristics. It has been found that under the influence of lithology, the landscape of the study region as a whole shows consistency, yet embodies distinct diversity inside. The consistency is embodied in the following aspects： （a） the preponderant landscape consists of bushes and small woods; （b） secondary landscape is characteristic of forests and grounds covered with grass; （c） of all the patches making up the study area small patches are in the majority, with positive-skewed distribution of patches-as a result, steep peaks are characteristic of the charts showing the distribution of patches. The factor of scale is not taken into account in the study of patches. The shapes of patches tend to be regular with strong disturbances from human activities, and consequently, the values of fractal dimensions of landscape types tend to get smaller. The fragmentation of patches is more apparent in landscape under influence of human activities than the one without these disturbances. Compared with regions characteristic of homogenous dolomite, the characteristics of homogenous limestone areas are described as follows： （a） low utilization rate of water resource; （b） uneven distribution of diversified landscape; （c） weak resistance against disturbances from human activities; （d） the continuous degradation, ever-increasing fragmentation, intensification of spatial heterogeneity, and the deteriorating stability of landscape.     

GIS技术支持下的招远市金矿区崩塌遥感调查

在总结前人研究成果的基础上,全面系统地分析了诱发招远市金矿区崩塌的自然和人为因数,然后运用遥感技术对金矿区遥感图像进行处理,提取诱发崩塌的条件因子,聘请有经验的专家对各项诱发因子进行诊断分析,以此作为判断条件,在G IS技术的支持下对诱发崩塌的条件因子进行空间分析,预测出招远金矿区发生崩塌的危害程度,为防治崩塌提供科学依据。预测结果表明,招远金矿区崩塌有进一步发展的可能,其中,高危险区有36820 m2,中易发区有50 610 m2,低易发区有67 200 m2,需要采取有效措施加以防治。     

高新技术产业集聚的城市化响应与反馈机制研究

高新技术产业集聚与城市化存在互动机制。一方面,高新技术产业结构效应影响了城市化动力机制,集聚效应则促进了城市外部经济的发展,使城市化表现出不同的模式特征和地域特征;另一方面,城市化促进了高新技术发展所需要素资源的聚集与流动,为高新技术产业集聚提供人力资本保障,还为高新技术企业提供创新的源动力。文章以苏州高新区的高新技术产业发展和城市化互动关系佐证了这一理论,并认为建立二者之间切实可行的调控模式是当务之急。     

长江口水域多光谱遥感水深反演模型研究

利用Landsat-7 ETM 遥感影像反射率和实测水深值之间的相关性可以探测水深。该文介绍单波段、双波段比值和多波段3种线性回归模型以及动量BP人工神经网络水深反演模型。选择长江口北港河道上段作为研究区,利用上述模型,分两种情况进行水深反演:一是以河道全部历史样本建模;二是将河道按自然水深划分为浅水区和深水区分别建模。结果表明:神经网络模型预测精度高于线性回归模型;水深分区后线性回归和神经网络模型预测误差均有所减小。     

青藏高原植物形态和解剖适应性研究进展

与低海拔地区相比，青藏高原的太阳辐射、水分条件、氧分压、气温等环境条件都有明显差异，青藏高原的植物在细胞壁厚度、栅栏细胞层数、通气组织大小、异细胞数量和分布、表皮附属物类型等方面与低海拔地区的相比也有较大的不同。综述了在青藏高原特殊的生态条件下，植物在形态和解剖方面的适应性表现，分析了该领域目前的研究特点和存在的一些问题，并在全球环境变化背景下，对其发展前景进行了展望，指出了未来的发展趋势。     

福州市植被信息提取及其景观格局空间变化

ASTER(高级空间热辐射热反射探测仪)是高光谱遥感影像时代到来的标志,与一般遥感影像相比能为对地观测提供更高质量的信息源。根据福福州市1988年的TM影像和2001年ASTER影像,在NDVI和分形几何理论方法的基础上,求取两个时期植被斑块的分形维数,结果表明:植被景观整体分形维数上升,说明植被斑块空间形态趋向复杂化,稳定性降低,其空间格局变化表现出2种基本规律:一是破碎化,孔隙化,主要发生在城区内部,二是空间萎缩,主要表现在城市边缘地区。     

ArcMap在中学地理教学中的应用

本文就地理信息系统(GIS)工具软件之一———ArcMap在中学地理教学中应用分析的基础上,探讨了GIS工具软件在中学地理教学中的作用,表明GIS技术在地理教学中有广泛的应用前景。同时对GIS的发展提出建议和希望。