中部太平洋大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)种群遗传结构的初步研究

大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)是世界最重要的渔业资源之一,经济价值较高,捕捞压力的加大使中部太平洋大眼金枪鱼过度捕捞程度愈发严重。开展种群遗传结构研究将为大眼金枪鱼资源的可持续利用与开发提供科学依据。本文以取自中西太平洋和中东太平洋共182尾大眼金枪鱼个体为研究对象,分析研究其线粒体DNA控制区第一个高变区(the first hypervariable region,HVR-1)457bp的序列,共发现115个变异位点,定义了178种单倍型。序列多样性分析结果显示:8个采样点核苷酸多样性在0.03074—0.04362之间,单倍型多样性在各个采样点都较高,变动范围在0.996—1.000之间;分子方差分析显示99.97%的遗传变异性来自于种群内;群体间的高基因交流值Nm和低分化指数Fst揭示中东太平洋与中西太平洋群体间基因交流频繁,不存在显著的遗传分化。     

基于遗传小波神经网络的海底声学底质识别分类

分割海底声纳探测图像,提取单元特征向量进行主成份分析,选取均值、标准差、对比度、相关系数、能量及同质性作为训练特征向量,构建小波神经网络。利用遗传算法优化小波神经网络的初始权值及小波参数,对砂、礁石、泥3种底质类型分别进行训练,并得到3种底质的测试精度都在90%以上,优于单独利用小波神经网络进行训练时的测试精度,克服了小波神经网络训练时易陷入局部极小的固有缺陷,表明基于遗传算法的小波神经网络可有效用于海底底质声纳图像的识别和分类。     

中国近海浮游桡足类中华哲水蚤（Calanussinicus Brodsky）的分子系统地理学和种群遗传结构研究

Planktonic copepod Calanus sinicus is the dominant meso-zooplankton in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. To better understand its population dynamics and phylogeographic patterns, 243 C. sinicus individuals were collected from seven locations across the shelf waters of China and its population genetics was studied by mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I(mtCOI) sequences analyses. Thirty-nine different sequences, or haplotypes, were detected with moderate haplotype diversity(h=0.749) and low nucleotide diversity(π=0.003) for all populations. The evolutionary divergence between geographic populations varied from 0.24% to 0.37%, indicative of very limited genetic differentiation. Visualized minimum spanning network(MSN) and phylogenetic analysis of all the detected haplotypes did not reveal any clear phylogeographic pattern. Furthermore, AMOVA data showed no significant spatial population differentiation existed among the individuals collected across China shelf waters. Pairwise FST values showed that population collected from northwest of the East China Sea(ECS) displayed a low difference to other populations. Mismatch distribution analyses and neutrality tests indicated that C. sinicus might undergo a demographic/population expansion. No significant population genetic structuring was detected, indicating an extensive gene flow among the C. sinicus populations. Our results provide molecular evidence for the hypothesis that C. sinicus in the northwestern South China Sea in winter is transported from the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea by the China Coastal Current during the northeast monsoon period.     

Genetic parameter estimation for juvenile growth and upper thermal tolerance in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus)

Twenty-six half-sib groups(53 full-sib families) of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus, were obtained by artificial insemination. We measured growth in the offspring(40–50 individuals/family) and subjected them to a thermal tolerance challenge over a period of 34 d. There was no significant difference in daily mortality(range: 0.580%–1.391%) between Days 1–13 during the thermal tolerance challenge. However, daily cumulative mortality increased rapidly between Days 14 and 29, especially on Days 15 and 16(20.232% and 34.377%, respectively). Mortality was highest on Day 16(14.145%). We estimated the genetic parameters using the average information restricted maximum likelihood method. We used a likelihood ratio test to evaluate the significance of effects in models with and without identity as an effect, and compared the final log-likelihoods(maximum log L). Lastly, we estimated phenotypic and genetic correlation between the upper thermal tolerance limit(UTT) and body weight(BW). In this study, the positive phenotypic correlation was low between UTT and BW(0.093±0.029). The genetic correlation between UTT and BW was negative(-0.044±0.239). The heritability for upper thermal tolerance was low(0.087±0.032), which is of approximately moderate heritability. The heritability for body weight was high(0.303±0.074). Our results suggest there is significant potential for improvement in the culture of turbot by selective breeding.     

山东沿海菲律宾蛤仔不同地理群体遗传多样性的AFLP 分析

利用AFLP技术对山东沿海菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)4个野生群体(乳山、无棣、牟平、即墨)进行了遗传多样性分析。采用6对引物组合对4个群体进行扩增,共得到356个位点,乳山群体、无棣群体、牟平群体和即墨群体的多态位点比例依次为74.40%、70.50%、72.80%、74.70%,具有较高的遗传多样性水平。其中,即墨群体多态性比例最高,无棣群体多态性比例最低。聚类分析表明,各群体间的遗传距离为0.0263~0.0448,乳山群体和无棣群体间的遗传距离最近(0.0263),两群体首先聚在一起,随后与牟平群体和即墨群体聚在一起。     

光温敏雄性不育小麦的研究进展

何觉民等首先提出了改变小麦品种播种期、播种地获得雄性不育，用于生产杂交种的方法，并在贵农14中找到不育株，育成ES-3、ES-4、ES-5，从小偃、栽培二粒与普通小麦杂交后代中，获得一批不育株，育成一系列光温敏不育系。谭昌华等从栽培二粒小麦与普通小麦的杂交后代中，获得不育株，育成温光型雄性不育小麦CA9S,     

基于遗传克隆选择算法优化BP神经网络的地理信息预测研究

针对BP神经网络训练过程中的训练时间较长、完全不能训练或容易陷入局部极小值等问题,提出基于遗传克隆选择算法(CLOGA)优化BP神经网络的流程,克服BP算法的一些缺陷。并通过湖北省人口预测问题进行效果检验,得到满意的结果。     

岩石本构模型智能辨识方法研究

岩石本构模型是研究岩石力学特征和变形机制的基础,而本构模型或模型中相关参数的识别是本构模型研究中的热点和难点问题。本文基于红板岩室内力学实验数据,分别利用遗传算法、BP神经网络以及遗传规划对红板岩本构模型进行了模式识别,结果表明,遗传算法进行参数识别需要事先假定流变模型的形式,误差较大,而BP神经网络和遗传规划可以一次性同时确定流变模型的结构形式及参数,有效避免模型假定所带来的误差。而遗传规划与BP神经网络相比,具有精度高、收敛快,可视化程度高等特点,为岩石本构参数及模型的智能识别方法的选取提供参考。     

RAPD分析中最适样本量和位点数的研究

用25个引物,对40个样本扩增,研究了勒氏笛鲷随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分析中的最适样本量和位点数。结果显示:在样本量达到20且位点数达到70个以上时,遗传距离趋于一个稳定的数值,即在RAPD分析中,样本数应达到20且位点数应达到70才能保证结果的可靠性。