国外煤还原性研究概况

煤的还原程度与煤岩成分和变质程度,是影响煤质的三大成因因素。根据煤岩成分均一的顿涅茨煤偏离希尔特定律,以及库兹涅茨、卡拉千达、伯朝拉等煤田相互靠近而煤岩成分复杂的等变质煤的特性有差别,确认了不同还原程度煤的存在。     

内蒙古白乃庙铜-金-钼矿床侵入岩和围岩成因:岩石地球化学和Hf同位素的证据

白乃庙铜-金-钼矿是华北北缘中段的一个重要矿床,矿体主要赋存在早古生代白乃庙群绿片岩中,其成矿与花岗闪长斑岩密切相关。岩石地球化学特征显示,该区侵入岩花岗闪长斑岩以及石英闪长岩与起源于俯冲洋壳的埃达克岩的特征类似,岩浆在上升侵位过程中受到了明显的变质基底的混染作用。赋矿围岩绿片岩的原岩主要为中基性火山岩,锆石Hf同位素数据显示,白乃庙绿片岩、变质安山岩中锆石的εHf(t)变化范围为-4.64~+11.29之间,而白音都西群变质石英砂岩的εHf(t)为-4.30~+15.50,显示白乃庙地区围岩原岩源区物质主要来源于亏损地幔,并在侵位过程中受到了古老地壳基底的混染作用。2类岩石的二阶段Hf同位素模式年龄分别为693~2843 Ma和481~2363 Ma,峰值区间在700~1500 Ma,揭示了华北板块中-新元古代陆壳增生和构造热事件。矿床地质特征、岩石学和地球化学组成表明,白乃庙铜-金-钼矿床具有低氧逸度的特征,可能为还原性斑岩型矿床。     

煤岩学在煤自然发火倾向性研究中的应用

介绍了煤岩成分、煤级和煤的还原性等因素对煤自然发火倾向性的影响,镜质组的自然发火倾向性最大,壳质组次之,惰性组最低;随着煤级的增加,其自然发火的倾向性降低;煤级相同煤的还原性越强,其自然发火的倾向性越弱;华北石炭纪太原组煤的自然发人倾向性比同煤级的二叠纪煤倾向性小。     

Key genes expression of reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle from deep-sea hydrothermal chemolithoautotrophic Caminibacter profundus in response to salinity, pH and O2

CO2 fixation pathway of Caminibacter profundus, a chemolithoautotrophic -Proteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vent, was determined and characterized by genetic and enzymatic analyses. Gene expression of key enzymes for CO2 fixation in response to salinity, pH and O2 in Medium 829 were also investigated. The results demonstrate that C. profundus contained aclB, porA and oorA, the genes encoding key enzymes of reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle. However, genes fragments of cbbL and cbbM encoding key enzyme of Calvin cycle were not recovered. Key enzymatic activities of ATP citrate lyase (ACL), pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (POR) and 2-oxoglutarate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (OOR) were also present in C. profundus. The combination of genetic and enzymatic analyses confirm that C. profundus adopted rTCA cycle for carbon assimilation. The results of aclB and oorA relative expressions of C. profundus demonstrate that the ranges of environmental factors for high genes expression were sea salt 3.0%-5.0% (optimum 3.0%), pH 5.0-6.5(optimum pH 6.5), anaerobic to microaerobic conditions (optimum 1.0% O2 ). Gene expression patterns under different conditions show similar patterns with bacterial growth, revealing that key rTCA cycle genes provided molecular basis for bacterial growth and propagation. Our results suggest that C. profundus could regulate key genes of rTCA cycle for carbon assimilation and energy metabolism in response to environmental fluctuations in hydrothermal vent.     

矿物流体包裹体挥发成分中有单质氟吗?

陈勇等同志为山东昌乐-临朐地区寻找无机成因天然气提供新的思路和证据、线索,发表了"山东昌乐-临朐火山岩流体包裹体成分研究及其意义"[1]一文,文中报导该区橄榄石、辉石矿物包裹体挥发分中单质氟(F2)含量(摩尔分数,xB/%)达4.76～20.70.单质氟如果存在,不仅对该文的目的意义是一种否定,且与橄榄石、辉石来源于地球深部强还原环境,矿物流体包裹体中存在多种大量还原性挥发分相矛盾.我们对单质氟的测定值有些质疑,今提出与陈勇等同志商榷.如有不当,恳请作者和读者指正.     

氧化性和还原性斑岩型矿床流体成矿特征分析

目前已经广泛认同斑岩型Cu-Au(-Mo)矿床是在相对较高的氧化性含矿流体作用下形成的。但是随着研究的深入,逐渐发现了一系列具备还原性特征的斑岩型矿床,这些矿床往往不发育表征高氧逸度的原生磁铁矿和硫酸盐矿物。文中对几种与斑岩型矿化相关的花岗岩分类进行了分析讨论,并采用氧化型和还原型花岗岩分类方案,将对应的斑岩型矿床划分为氧化性斑岩型矿床(OPD)和还原性斑岩型矿床(RPD)。结合相关资料,认为还原性流体中所含有的CH4可能来自邻近的S型花岗岩的混染作用,但是不排除是经地球排气作用从地幔进入到地壳的可能性。结合实际还原性斑岩型矿床研究,文中给出了一个化学模型,认为CH4和SO2属于岩浆系统自生成分,在特定物理化学阶段发生反应,形成H2S和CO2,从而抑制了硫酸盐矿物的形成。这两类矿化系统的成矿流体来源、金属溶解-运移-沉淀以及成矿物质富集-分散-贫化等特征存在较为明显的差别。由于低氧逸度条件不利于成矿金属物质(Cu、Mo等)的迁移和富集,所以RPD矿化系统成矿潜力往往低于OPD矿化系统,但是可以发育次级斑岩型Au矿。结合实验分析结果,文中给出了OPD和RPD矿化系统流体成矿对比模式,认为如果原始岩浆中存在大量的成矿物质,RPD矿化系统可以形成"两端员矿化",即底部形成硫化物矿床,顶部形成次级斑岩型金矿床。     

还原性围岩在斑岩钼矿成矿中的作用

斑岩钼(铜)矿是重要的钼矿资源类型,高氧逸度岩浆是公认的评价斑岩成矿的有效指标。但前人关注的焦点是成矿母岩浆的起源与演化,还原性围岩在斑岩成矿中的作用长期被忽视,是什么触发了高氧化性含矿岩浆热液的还原与成矿还存在不同的认识。文章在前人工作基础上,以中国秦岭-大别、华北克拉通北缘的南泥湖-三道庄-上房沟、沙坪沟、曹四夭等斑岩型钼矿和美国Climax-Henderson巨型斑岩钼矿带中Mt. Emmons等斑岩钼矿为例,重点研究了斑岩钼矿的区域分布与还原性围岩之间的空间关系及成因联系,探讨了斑岩成矿系统氧化还原状态在成矿过程中的变化及触发机制。笔者发现斑岩钼矿的区域分布明显受黑色含碳质地层和中基性火山岩控制,在成矿过程中黑色含碳质围岩普遍发生褪色蚀变;主成矿期矿物流体包裹体中普遍含有甲烷,蚀变围岩和矿床中热液方解石的δ¹³C值普遍较低。因此,笔者提出含碳质地层和中基性火山岩等围岩中还原性组分的加入是引发斑岩钼(铜)矿成矿系统氧化-还原状态转变和成矿金属沉淀的关键。碳质围岩中有机质热解/碳-水反应产生的甲烷是重要还原剂,CH₄沿构造裂隙扩散进入斑岩...     

南海北部琼东南盆地冷泉区表层沉积物微量元素的分析及其对甲烷渗漏的指示

Recent studies have shown that specific geochemical characteristics of sediments can be used to reconstruct past methane seepage events. In this work, the correlation between the Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios of sediment samples is analyzed and the sulfate concentration profile in Site C14 from cold-seep sediments in the Qiongdongnan Basin in northern South China Sea is obtained. The results confirmed that, sulfate at 0–247 cm below sea floor(Unit I) is mainly consumed by organic matter sulfate reduction(OSR), while sulfate at 247–655 cm(Unit II) is consumed by both the OSR and the anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM). In addition, the bottom sediment layer is affected by weak methane seepage. The Mo and U enrichment factors also exhibit similar trends in their respective depth profiles. The responses of trace elements, including Co/Al, Ni/Al, Cr/Al and Zn/Al ratios to methane seepage allowed the study of depositional conditions and methane seepage events. Based on the results, it is speculated that the depositional conditions of Unit II changed with depth from moderate conditions of sulfidic and oxic conditions to locally anoxic conditions, and finally to suboxic conditions due to methane fluid leakage. The stable isotope values of chromium-reducible sulfide produced by AOM and those of sulfide formed by OSR in the early diagenetic environment suffered serious depletion of 34 S. This was probably due to weak methane leakage, which caused the slower upward diffusion and the effect of early diagenesis on the samples. It is necessary to consider the effects of depositional environments and diagenesis on these geochemical parameters.     

太湖北部沉积物中铁硫的地球化学特征研究

选择太湖北部柱状沉积物为研究对象,对沉积物及间隙水中铁硫的地球化学特征进行了研究。结果显示．间隙水中Fe^2＋的平均浓度是S^2-平均浓度的82倍,其值为9．6～270．5μmol／L。这说明沉积物中是以Fe^3＋的还原为主,而非SO4^2-。沉积物中还原性无机硫以黄铁矿为主,其次为AVS,最后为单质硫。沉积物中的Fe^2＋的浓度均高于其他形态的铁,约占总铁含量的30％～40％。活性铁的浓度为109．86～208．16μmol／g,仅占总铁的20％左右。沉积物各层中与硫结合的铁仅占总铁的0．12％～2．35％,占活性铁的0．39％～8．36％,通过分析铁硫之间的关系并结合蓝藻爆发的时间推断,铁硫化合物的生成不是PO4^3-释放的原因。太湖北部沉积物中Fe—S及P-S之间相互关系较弱。     

新疆阿尔泰小土尔根铜矿流体包裹体和H-O、Cu同位素特征及其成因探讨

小土尔根铜矿位于新疆阿尔泰地区诺尔特Au-Pb-Zn(-W-Mo)成矿带北部,成矿条件有利。在详细的野外考察基础上,作者系统分析了矿区的流体包裹体类型、流体成分,结合H-O、Cu同位素地球化学研究,对其成矿流体特征及来源、成矿物质来源和矿床成因进行了探讨。该矿流体包裹体类型比较简单,主要为气液两相包裹体,少量纯液相包裹体,偶见含子晶包裹体。激光拉曼光谱分析表明,成矿流体为H_2O-Na Cl-CO_2-CH_4体系。成矿流体温度介于188~421℃,盐度介于0.71%~15.53%Na Cl_(eqv),主要集中于8.0%~12.0%Na Cl_(eqv),为中?高温、中?低盐度成矿流体。H、O同位素(δD_(SMOW)值介于-72‰~-122‰,δ~(18)O_(fluid)值介于3.7‰~8.1‰)指示,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水,随着成矿作用的进行,大气降水混入的比例略有增大。黄铜矿的δ~(65)Cu值介于-0.12‰~0.93‰,落入花岗岩δ~(65)Cu值分布范围,且分馏特征与花岗岩相似,说明成矿元素Cu来自花岗岩岩浆。结合前人成果,作者认为小土尔根铜矿应为诺尔特地区首例还原性斑岩铜矿床。