西北太平洋上层海洋对连续多个台风的响应

【目的】研究Merantia、Malaks、Megi、Chaba4个连续台风引起上层海洋的响应。【方法】基于遥感和再分析数据,分析台风前海洋环境、台风做功(W)、强迫时间(tf)、降水等要素分布特征,探讨上层海洋稳定度、上升流、湍流混合动力机制如何影响中尺度涡区域的海表温度(SST)、浮游植物繁殖程度,引入动力学参数S判断海洋内部上升流和混合重要性。【结果和结论】冷涡(CE)区域海洋表层降温(SSC)(3.5℃)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)质量浓度(0.5mg/m3)对于台风响应比暖涡(AE)区更为剧烈,与其内部热力学结构有关,出现在Megi过境CE区,主要原因是海洋本身CE特征、强上升流(EPV)=2.5×10-4 m/s,S<1,台风向海洋输入巨大的能量(W>80 kJ)引起剧烈的混合夹卷、强降雨,导致海水迅速重新层化、逐渐加强的非线性CE有更强的封闭性,这些机制的共同作用将底层(营养盐跃层100m以下)富含营养盐的冷水输送到上层;Malaks过境CE(124.9°E,22.3°N)缺乏强上升流(EPV=5×10-5 m/s),以湍流混合为主(S>1);Merantia使CE区域表现下沉流(EPV<0),SSC主要是湍流混合的作用(W>25kJ),Chl-a浓度增长到0.27mg/m3。AE热力学结构比较稳定,连续台风导致SSC<2℃,Chl-a增加仅200%,Merantia、Malaks过境AE(125.1°E,20.6°N)分别以强上升流(S<1)和湍流混合(S>1)为主,混合层厚度约80 m,同时AE周围无强障碍带,易与周围水体交换,Chl-a浓度微弱增加。     

再探温跃层有孔虫B/Ca与温度和[CO32-]的依赖性及其在24 ka以来热带西太平洋次表层碳酸盐系统重建中的应用

The B/Ca ratio of planktonic foraminifer shells has been used as a proxy for reconstructing past ocean carbonate chemistry. However, recent studies have revealed significant uncertainties associated with this proxy, such as whether seawater temperature or [ CO_3~(2-)] is the dominant control on the partition coefficient(K_D) of planktonic foraminiferal B/Ca. To address these uncertainties and thus improve our understanding of the planktonic foraminiferal B/Ca proxy, we analysed B/Ca ratios in the tests of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei(300–355 μm) and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata(355–400 μm) in surface sediment samples from the tropical western Pacific and South China Sea. The relationship between these B/Ca ratios and bottom water calcite saturation states(Δ[ CO_3~(2-)]) is weak, thus suggesting only a small dissolution effect on the B/Ca of the two species. The correlation coefficients(R~2) between the B/Ca ratios of N. dutertrei and P. obliquiloculata and environmental parameters(e.g., temperature, salinity, phosphate, DIC and ALK) in the tropical western Pacific and South China Sea are not high enough to justify using B/Ca ratios as a palaeoenvironmental proxy in the study areas. The significant correlation between K_D values of N. dutertrei and P. obliquiloculata and carbonate system parameters(e.g.,[ CO_3~(2-)], DIC, ALK, pH and [ HCO_3~-]) in the study area reflect chemical links between the K_D denominator and these variables. Based on our surface sediment calibration, an empirical relationship between the K_D of N.dutertrei and temperature is proposed in the tropical western Pacific. We also generated a record of B/Ca ratios in N. dutertrei(300–355 μm) from Core MD06-3052 in the tropical western Pacific over the past 24 ka to evaluate the application of the revised B/Ca proxy method. Based on the reconstructed empirical relationship for B/Ca and subsurface seawater ALK, we estimated subsurface seawater carbonate system parameters in the tropical western Pacific since 24 ka. In general, the estimated subsurface seawater pH and [ CO_3~(2-)] show an increase with time, and the record of subsurface seawater pCO_2 shows a decrease with time, in the tropical western Pacific over the past 24 ka. The consistent trends in subsurface seawater pCO_2 and opal flux during deglaciation may imply that the reported increase in subsurface water pCO_2 in the study area was promoted by enhanced upwelling in the Southern Ocean.     

春季季风间期赤道东印度洋浮游植物光合生理特征

Phytoplankton physiologies are dynamic and have sensitive responses to the ambient environment. In this paper,we examine photosynthetic physiologies of phytoplankton communities with Phyto-PAM in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean during the spring inter-monsoon. Environmental parameters were measured to investigate the coupling between phytoplankton photosynthetic physiologies and their habitats. During the cruise, the water column was highly stratified. The mixed layer extended to about 75 m and was characterized by high temperature(28°C) and low nutrient level. The F_v/F_m values and chlorophyll a(Chl a) concentrations were lower at the surface, as consequences of nutrient depletion and photo-inhibition. Subsurface Chl a maximum(SCM) occurred between 75 and 100 m, and had the highest F_v/F_m values. The formation of SCM was a balance between nutrient availability and light limitation. The SCM may contribute significantly to pelagic food web and primary production in the water column. Phytoplankton in different layers encountered different light, trophic and hydrographic dynamics and evolved distinct photosynthetic characteristics. Despite of co-limitation of nutrient limitation and photo-inhibition, phytoplankton in the surface layer showed their acclimation to high irradiance, had lower light utilization efficiencies(α: 0.061±0.032) and could exploit a wide range of light irradiance. Whereas, phytoplankton in the SCM layers presented the highest light utilization efficiencies(α:0.146±0.48), which guaranteed higher photosynthetic capacities under low light level. These results provide insights into phytoplankton photo-adaption strategies in this less explored region.     

赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度的季节内和准半年变化

利用2002—2015年ARGO网格化的温度、盐度数据, 结合卫星资料揭示了赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度的季节内和准半年变化特征, 探讨了其变化机制。结果表明, 障碍层厚度变化的两个高值区域出现在赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾北部。在赤道区域, 障碍层同时受到等温层和混合层变化的影响, 5—7月和11—1月受西风驱动, Wyrtki急流携带阿拉伯海的高盐水与表层的淡水形成盐度层结, 同时西风驱动的下沉Kelvin波加深了等温层, 混合层与等温层分离, 障碍层形成。在湾内, 充沛的降雨和径流带来的大量淡水产生很强的盐度层结, 混合层全年都非常浅, 障碍层季节内变化和准半年变化主要受等温层深度变化的影响。上述两个区域障碍层变化存在关联, 季节内和准半年周期的赤道纬向风驱动的波动过程是它们存在联系的根本原因。赤道东印度洋地区的西风(东风)强迫出向东传的下沉(上升)的Kelvin波, 在苏门答腊岛西岸转变为沿岸Kelvin波向北传到孟加拉湾的东边界和北边界, 并且在缅甸的伊洛瓦底江三角洲顶部(95°E, 16°N)激发出向西的Rossby波, 造成湾内等温层深度的正(负)异常, 波动传播的速度决定了湾内的变化过程滞后于赤道区域1~2个月。     

基于Argo浮标的西太平洋SMAP卫星海表面盐度数据质量评估

以西太平洋为研究区域,利用Argo浮标表层盐度观测值(5 m)对SMAP卫星获得的2016年海表面盐度反演质量进行了评估。首先将西太平洋2016-01—12期间的每日和每月SMAP卫星SSS数据与Argo实测SSS数据进行匹配,然后利用最小二乘线性回归法对其进行相关性分析,并对误差的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:SMAP SSS与Argo SSS之间具有极显著的正相关关系;每日Argo浮标数据(WMO ID:2901520,WMO ID:2901548)和SMAP SSS的变化趋势基本一致,前者均方根误差(RMSE)、偏差(Bias)和相关系数(r)分别为0.43, 0.34和0.71,后者RMSE,Bias和r分别为0.41,0.26和0.69;研究区域内全年RMSE值处于0～0.35,在西太平洋南部海域偏差较大,这可能是由于该海域小岛众多,缺少Argo实测数据,导致其网格化的盐度存在较大误差。除夏季外,研究区域的大部分海域,RMSE都小于0.25。在海表盐度较低的海域,两者的对比结果误差较大,该现象在夏秋两季尤为显著。     

ENSO影响下的西太平洋地区海陆水储量变化分析

利用2005-01-2016-12的GRACE卫星数据,结合测高、ARGO（array for real-time geostrophic oceanography）、TRMM（tropical rainfall measurement mission）降水数据和MEI（multivariate ENSO index）,从海平面、海水质量、海水比容和陆地水储量的非季节性变化分析了厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation,ENSO）对西太平洋及其沿岸地区的影响。在GRACE数据处理过程中考虑了地震构造信号的影响,并采用正演模型法来恢复时变信号。结果表明,西太平洋地区平均海平面（western Pacific mean sea level,WPMSL）变化对ENSO的响应表现为:厄尔尼诺期间海平面下降,拉尼娜期间海平面上升;尤其在2014-2016年厄尔尼诺期间,WPMSL下降了近26.2 mm。比容变化为影响WPMSL非季节性变化的主导因素。澳大利亚和中南半岛水储量异常在年际变化上也较好响应了ENSO,与MEI的相关系数分别为-0.61（滞后3个月）和-0.65（滞后8个月）。长江流域对ENSO的响应主要在中下游区域,2014-2016年厄尔尼诺造成了该时期长江流域水储量达到近几年的极大值。     

Surface sediment diatoms from the western Pacific marginal seas and their correlation to environmental variables

Diatom data of 192 surface sediment samples from the marginal seas in the western Pacific together with modern summer and winter sea surface temperature and salinity data were analyzed.The results of canonical correspondence analysis show that summer sea-surface salinity(SSS) is highly positively correlated with winter SSS and so is summer sea-surface temperature(SST) with winter SST.The correlations between SSSs and SSTs are less positively correlated,which may be due to interactions of regional current pa...     

太平洋赤道潜流起源的模式研究

基于一个高分辨率准全球海洋模式HYCOM(HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model),研究了热带西太平洋海域赤道潜流的起源。结果表明:赤道潜流在大约130°E处开始,流核位于225 m、2°N附近,最大流速超过15 cm/s,体积输运约1.6×106 m3/s,其水源来自棉兰老海流;在东部140°E断面,赤道潜流的北部主要是由棉兰老海流提供(9.7×106 m3/s),其南部主要是来自新几内亚沿岸潜流(9.1×106 m3/s)。     

澳大利亚冷空气活动对西北太平洋热带辐合带强度的影响

利用1959～2004年纬向风的NCEP/NCAR候平均再分析资料分析和中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的9层大气环流模式(IAP9L-AGCM)数值试验,考察了南半球越赤道气流和澳大利亚冷空气活动对西北太平洋ITCZ和台风的影响。研究发现:100°E～165°E向北越赤道气流与ITCZ的强度增强具有明显的关系;10～15 d前130°E～140°E与150°E～160°E越赤道气流的加强对145°E～170°E位置上ITCZ强度的增加具有指示意义。越赤道气流强度对同期110°E～140°E经度ITCZ位置的变化也有影响。数值试验表明:南半球澳大利亚冷空气的活动是造成越赤道气流加强的重要原因,澳大利亚地区受较强冷空气影响时易造成100°E～160°E经度带越赤道气流的加强,特别是140°E～165°E的越赤道气流有利于ITCZ强度增加,导致西北太平洋热带气旋的发生和加强。     

末次冰期低纬度西太平洋硅藻席沉积与生态特征

硅藻在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。"树荫种"硅藻在次表层水体中的勃发成席,并迅速埋藏成为硅藻席沉积,使人们逐渐意识到次表层生产在整个生产力及输出生产中起着重要作用。介绍了首次在低纬度西太平洋区域发现的硅藻席沉积的分布特征,硅藻席发现站位呈带状分布,大致呈北西-南东向展布,大部分散布在17.5°～20°N之间。采集到硅藻席沉积物的站位其水深在碳酸钙补偿深度(CCD)以下4837～6150m的深水区,多分布在较平坦的海底,且受风力和陆源物质输入影响相对较强的区域。该区域硅藻席的形成可能是由于末次冰期时该海区有大洋锋面的形成所致。该区域的成席硅藻Ethmodiscus rex(Wallich)Hendey为典型的"树荫种"硅藻,可以通过自身调节浮力的作用,在水体相对稳定的贫氧大洋中生存并勃发成席。末次冰期低纬度西太平洋硅藻席沉积的发生,可能使该区成为CO2的汇。