基于供需分离加剧的近30年来中国谷物碳排放转移时空演变

食物系统是人为温室气体排放的重要来源之一,在“双碳”背景下由于食物生命周期生产和消费分离加剧引发的碳排放转移对整体食物系统温室气体减排的影响还尚不明确.本研究初步构建了水稻、小麦、玉米三类谷物生产阶段生命周期的排放清单,分析了谷物供需关系的时空演化特征.引入空间均衡模型,模拟了中国1990～2018年不同类型谷物的区域间流动并核算由此产生的碳排放转移及其效率与特征.研究发现:(1)谷物供需不均衡程度加剧,供给和消费的重心距离扩大了3.2倍,谷物供需分离导致全国谷物区域内自给能力减弱.(2)水稻和小麦区域内供给增多导致排放转移总量逐渐减少,玉米跨区域供给增多导致排放转移总量逐渐增加.(3)谷物整体的空间排放转移效率较高,小麦和玉米的排放转移引起了全局高效减碳,而水稻的排放转移相对低效增碳.(4)全国各省份谷物生产碳足迹呈下降趋势,但由于谷物供需分离加剧导致部分粮食主产区表现为低效增碳.本研究建议:基于“双碳”治理目标,进一步优化种养空间结构,加强区域内谷物供给,结合分区治理策略加强低碳生产结构优化与耕地利用结构调整.     

EQUATIONS FOR GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE

The grain size distribution of particulate material is of particular interest in the field of sediment transport. The size distribution is described by various equations, however no equation is flexible enough to satisfy the grain size distribution data faithfully. Presented herein are the equations for unimodal and multimodal grain size distribution curves. A graphical method has been given to evaluate the parameters involved in these equations. The size distribution equation can be used to estimate many properties of sediment sample like number of sediment particles, surface area of the particles and hydraulic conductivity. It is hoped that the equations will find many applications in studying sedimentation processes.     

“商品谷物农业”说课设计

一、教材分析 1．教材的地位与作用 “商品谷物农业”是高一地理下册第五单元第四节的内容,本单元在前两节讲述人类农业生产的基本知识和农业区位选择的基本原理基础上,又以世界主要农业地域类型为案例论证基本理论,体现了理论联系实际。     

A new economic assessment index for the impact of climate change on grain yield

The impact of climate change on agriculture has received wide attention by the scientific community. This paper studies how to assess the grain yield impact of climate change, according to the climate change over a long time period in the future as predicted by a climate system model. The application of the concept of a traditional ＂yield impact of meteorological factor （YIMF）＂ or ＂yield impact of weather factor＂ to the grain yield assessment of a decadal or even a longer timescale would be suffocated at the outset because the YIMF is for studying the phenomenon on an interannual timescale, and it is difficult to distinguish between the trend caused by climate change and the one resulting from changes in non-climatic factors. Therefore, the concept of the yield impact of climatic change （YICC）, which is defined as the difference in the per unit area yields （PUAY） of a grain crop under a changing and an envisaged invariant climate conditions, is presented in this paper to assess the impact of global climate change on grain yields. The climatic factor has been introduced into the renowned economic Cobb-Douglas model, yielding a quantitative assessment method of YICC using real data. The method has been tested using the historical data of Northeast China, and the results show that it has an encouraging application outlook.