太古代片麻状花岗岩浅埋隧道变形破坏及地面塌陷分析——以集宁隧道为例

浅表古老花岗中浅埋隧道常处于拉张应力状态而拱顶下沉,波及地表产生地面塌陷,影响工程稳定及人员安全。以集宁隧道为例,采用工程地质调查、室内力学试验、围岩稳定计算相结合的方法,从太古代集宁片麻状花岗岩风化壳分带、岩体结构控制和岩体质量分级方面研究围岩变形破坏特征。花岗岩中-微风化特性、大部分隧道位于地下水位以下,节理裂隙夹泥,变形破坏以多组节理切割下块体掉落和塌方为主要形式。在花岗岩古风化壳与上第三系泥岩交界处出现差异变形和不均匀沉降。浅埋隧道段塌方发展到地表形成4个长轴与隧道轴线一致的椭圆形塌陷坑。现场应力监测结果显示顶拱接触压力小于自重应力,侧压力更小,对顶拱稳定不利。为保证施工人员和机械设备安全,在此区段采取针对块体稳定和塌方的加强支护措施,取得较好效果。     

Chronology and cooling history of the Tianmenshan pluton in South Jiangxi Province and their geological significance

Geochronological studies on the crust-derived Tianmenshan pluton were undertaken by SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating and Ar-Ar dating of biotite, muscovite and K-feldspar, giving a petrogenetic age of 167 Ma. Owing to the closure systems in different minerals, the cooling history of the pluton can be determined with an age-temperature diagram. The late hydrothermal event has been recognized, which is related probably with mineralization. In terms of the comparative geochronological and petrologic records, it is concluded that there are some constrains on tectonic evolution and that the formation of the Tianmenshan pluton proceeded in a transition period from Indosinian post-orogeny extension to strong compressive tectonics. And the timing of the hydrothermal event matches the compressive climax of the Yanshanian orogeny. The temporal gap between granite emplacement and wolframite mineralization could last 10-20 Ma owing to the low cooling rate of the pluton.     

青藏高原东北部古喀斯特过程与环境

本文介绍了青藏高原东北部地区的古喀斯特现象，并对相关沉积进行了化学成、粘土矿物的Ｘ－射线衍射以及石英砂表面结构等气候代用指标的分析。分析结果一致，指示了温暖湿润的亚热带气候条件。重结晶方解石的裂变径迹测年结果表明，该地区古喀斯特发育于中中新世。     

古风化壳是碳酸盐岩一个重要的储集层(体)类型

大量含油气区的勘探开发证明，古风化壳是碳酸盐岩一个重要的储集层（体），作者以塔里木盆地下古生界古风化壳储集层（体）为基础，结合鄂尔多斯地区和任丘油田，从地层、岩矿组成、成岩作用、古岩溶、垂向结构、储集性能、测井曲线、地震反射和含油气性诸方面进行了详细研究，大量资料证明，古风化壳是经长期表生成岩作用形成的特有的地质体，其内部具有特有的分带性结构和含油气性，用岩溶并不能代表它的特殊性和整体概念，应黎     

横断事件:亚洲东部晚新生代的一次重大构造事件

新近研究结果表明,吉尔伯特世与高斯世的界面附近(距今约340万年)存在着一次重大构造事件,主要证据在横断山系,故称横断事件。由它引发我国第四纪断陷盆地的发育与青藏高原的块状隆起,使横断山系新的地貌过程得以起步,从此我国地壳构造演化进入一个崭新的阶段,青藏高原隆起是横断事件以来亚洲大陆新构造运动的代表性显现,建议以该事件为起点的地壳构造运动称为青藏高原运动。     

湘桂黔滇藏红色岩溶风化壳发育模式

基于对湘，桂、黔，滇，藏等地岩溶区红色风化壳的野外和室内研究，从表生地貌学，粘土矿物学和地球化学角度分析红色石灰土性质与地貌演化的关系，提出红色岩溶风化壳发育的二阶段模式；1）地貌夷平-风化物质积累阶段，在地貌演化过程中溶蚀残余物质不断积累，最后在夷平面上形成厚层连续的泥质风化壳，夷平面的地貌水文条件有利于粘粒的形成和保存，但限制了富铝化作用的有效进行，造就了岩溶风化壳粘粒含量高，富铝化程度低的特点，这与研究区23个红色岩溶风化壳剖面化学，粒度特征和粘土矿物组合特点一致。2）地貌切割-风化壳淋溶阶段，原始夷平面上的风化壳大多呈灰色，只有在构造隆升和地表微切割导致地下水位降低，淋溶条件开始改善的情况下，风化壳才有可能枞根本上转为红色。     

准噶尔盆地隆起区石炭系顶面不整合及其意义及其意义

石炭系风化壳是准噶尔盆地火山岩油气储集层的主要类型,物性明显好于同时代原生型火山岩。通过对陆梁隆起滴西地区的铸体薄片与岩心观测,发现风化淋滤对火山岩储集性能的改造主要体现在孔隙上,对裂缝的改造作用不明显。由于火山岩形成的构造环境与古地貌存在差异,不同的海拔高度决定了其接受风化时间的长短。准噶尔盆地内石炭系不整合上覆地层时代存在明显差异,下二叠统至白垩系均有分布。最长风化时长在东部隆起约为150Ma,在陆梁隆起约为100Ma,在西部隆起约为55Ma;而3处隆起最少则仅缺失部分上石炭统-下二叠统。风化时长的长短与火山岩孔隙度的大小呈近波峰状对应关系,火山岩孔隙度初始随风化时长的增大(至约30Ma)逐渐增大,在到达峰值(对应风化时长约40Ma)后随时长的增大(55～100Ma)逐渐减小。最大的孔隙度均出现在火山角砾岩和玄武岩中,安山岩的孔隙度次之,而凝灰岩的孔隙度最小。     

南岭稀土花岗岩、钨锡花岗岩及其成矿作用的对比

南岭地区的钨锡和稀土矿床都与花岗岩类有直接成因联系,但二者的成矿作用有许多不同之处.钨锡是典型的热液成矿,而稀土则主要形成于风化作用.随着花岗岩类的分异演化,岩石中的W、Sn等元素含量逐渐增加,因此钨锡等矿床主要与高度分异演化的晚阶段小岩体有关;但是稀土的表现与钨锡不同,由于花岗岩类的分异演化导致稀土栽体黑云母及许多副矿物的减少,因此稀土元素含量在晚阶段岩体中反而降低.赣南的五里亭-大吉山岩体、桂东北的花山-姑婆山岩体等提供了很好的范例.因此,南岭地区与风化壳型稀土矿床有关的岩石主要有印支期准铝质花岗岩,燕山期A型花岗岩,燕山中-晚期黑云母二长花岗岩等.     

Rare-earth element mobility during ore-forming hydrothermal alteration: A case study of Dongping gold deposit Hebei Province,China

REE mobility during hydrothermal ore-forming processes has been extensively investigated in recent years and the potential of REE to provide information about ore forming processes has commonly been recognized.The Dongping gold deposit,which is located in northwestern Hebei Province,China,occurring in the inner contact zone of the Shuiquangou syenite complex,is spatially,and probably genetically,related to the syenite,the deposit was formed under the moderate to high temperature(220℃ to 320℃),weakly acidic to weakly alkaline,rather high fo2(lgfo2=-30～-34)environment.The REE study of the host rocks,altered wall rocks,ores and gangue minerals from the deposit suggests that the REEs have been mobilized and differentiated during K-feldspathization and silicification.The extremely altered syenite enveloping auriferous quartz vein shows positive Ce anomaly and larger LREE/HREE ratio than that of the unaltered syenite.The REE concentrations and patterns of the ores are determined by the ore types and mineral assemblages,LREE/HREE ratios in the gangue quartz and hydrothermal Kfeldspars are relatively low.The most significant observation is that the gangue quartz shows significant positive Eu anomaly,whereas the hydrothermal K-feldspars show less significant or no positive Eu anomaly at all relative to the primary feldspar in the unaltered syenite. It is evident that the REEs are mobile during K-feldspathization and silicification in the ore forming process.Weak to moderate K-feldspathization caused REE mobility without apparent differentiation with the exception of extreme K-feldspathization and silicification which resulted in significant depletion of HREE and Eu and relative enrichment of Ce.The REE,Y,U,Th and Au contents of the syenite decrease as the degrees of K-feldspathization and silicification of the rocks increase towards the auriferous quartz veins.As the ores were deposited under a rather oxidized environment,Ce^4 predominated over Ce^3 .The precipitation of the former in the form of CeO2 or absorpted onto the secondary mineral assemblage resulted in the inconsistent removal of the REE and the relative Ce enrichment in the strongly altered rocks.in contrast,Eu was present mainly in a low valence state (Eu^2 ).The geochemical differences from the other REE^3 and much less sites in the secondary minerals to accommodate the Eu released form the original minerals resulted in the enrichment of Eu in the fluids.The mobility and differentiation of REE and the coherent mobilities of Y,U,Th and Au also support the argument that the syenite is one of the source rocks for gold mineralization.The REE contents and patterns of the altered rocks enveloping the auriferous quartz vein could be used as a guide for locating ore veins in mineral exploration.     

西华山钨矿的花岗岩组成及与成矿的关系

西华山钨矿田成矿花岗岩为一复式岩体,该复式岩体由燕山时期第二阶段西华山杂岩体、花岗斑岩单一侵入体组成.与两期三个阶段花岗岩有关,相应具有3次钨的成矿作用,形成了以西华山钨矿为代表的一毓不同规模的钨矿床,成为我国花岗岩区多阶段成岩多次成矿的典型范例.