Effect of Dietary Olaquindox on the Growth of Large Yellow Croaker（Pseudosciaena crocea R.） and the Distribution of Its Residues in Fish Tissues

Olaquindox（OLA）, one of quinoxaline-N, N-dioxides, has been put under ban. However it was used as a medicinal feed additive early; it promotes the growth of livestock and prevents them from dysentery and bacterial enteritis. In this study, we evaluated the effect of dietary OLA on the growth of large yellow croaker（Pseudosciaena crocea R.） and the histological distribution of OLA and its metabolite 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid（MQCA） in fish tissues. Four diets containing 0（control）, 42.5, 89.5 and 277.2 mg kg^-1 OLA, respectively, were formulated and tested, 3 cages（1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m） each diet and 100 juveniles（9.75 ± 0.35 g） each cage. The fish were fed to satiation twice a day at 05：00 am and 17：00 pm for 8 weeks. The survival rate of fish fed the diet containing 42.5 and 89.5 mg kg^-1 OLA was significantly higher than that of fish fed the diet containing 0 and 277.2 mg kg^-1 OLA（P 0.05）, while the weight gain rate of fish fed the diet containing 42.5 and 89.5 mg kg^-1 OLA was significantly higher than that of fish fed the diet without OLA（control）（P0.05）, but similar to that of fish fed the diet with 277.2 mg kg^-1 OLA. Fish fed the diet with 277.2 mg kg^-1 OLA had the highest content of OLA and MQCA in liver（3.44 and 0.39 mg kg^-1, respectively）, skin（0.46 and 0.09 mg kg^-1, respectively） and muscle（0.24 and 0.06 mg kg^-1, respectively）. In average, fish fed the diet containing OLA had the highest content of OLA and MQCA in liver which was followed by skin and muscle（P〈 0.05）, whereas OLA and MQCA were not detectable in control. Our findings demonstrated that OLA and MQCA accumulated in large yellow croaker when it was fed with the diet containing OLA, thus imposing a potential safety risk to human health.     

洞庭湖流域湘江铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)的重金属富集特征及其膳食风险评估

洞庭湖流域对湘江湖南段6个城市江段铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）腹足和内脏团的As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr富集量进行分析,运用单因子污染指数法评价其受污染程度,并分别采用平均每周/每月摄入量法和目标危害系数法对其膳食风险进行评估,旨在为湘江流域居民铜锈环棱螺的消费安全提供参考.结果显示,铜锈环棱螺腹足As、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的富集量均值分别为0.92、1.65、0.90、13.01和67.62 mg/kg,Cr未检出,As、Cd、Pb和Cu的超标率分别为87.06%、27.06%、24.72%和2.35%.内脏团As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cr的富集量均值分别为9.61、3.21、3.75、33.58、169.05和1.23 mg/kg,As、Cd、Pb、Cu和Cr超标率分别为100%、71.76%、65.88%、14.12%和75.8%.所有江段成人As、Cu和Zn的每周摄入量均值和最高值均低于FAO/WHO食品添加剂联合专家委员会（JECFA）提出的暂定每周耐受摄入量参考值（PTWI）,但株洲成人Cd的每月摄入量均值超过其每月耐受摄入量参考值,且最大值是其参考值的3.44倍,永州、湘潭地区成人Cd的每月摄入量最大值也分别是其参考值的1.16和1.68倍.所有江段铜锈环棱螺摄入的单一重金属健康风险值除As外均小于1,但多种重金属复合暴露健康风险值均接近或大于1.结果表明,湘江湖南段6个城市江段铜锈环棱螺均受到一定程度的污染,其中衡阳、湘潭和株洲江段较为严重,且各江段铜锈环棱螺内脏团重金属富集量整体上均高于腹足,故当地居民长期食用后存在潜在的健康风险.     

Dietary guaiacol improves the growth of juvenile abalone, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis discus hannai</Emphasis> Ino

We conducted a preliminarily study on the effects of dietary guaiacol on growth performance of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Seven semi-purified diets were formulated with graded levels of guaiacol (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1 000 mg kg⁻¹). Abalone (initial weight: 0.29 ± 0.01 g; initial shell length: 8.55 ± 0.27 mm) were fed with these diets in a re-circulated water system for 152 days. Guaiacol significantly improved the specific growth rate (SGR) (P<0.05); excessive dietary guaiacol (1 000 mg kg⁻¹) led to significantly high mortality (P<0.05), and lipid content in the soft body increased significantly after dietary guaiacol (P<0.05). Activities of catalase and phenoloxidase (PO) in the viscera were significantly stimulated by dietary guaiacol (P<0.05). Broken-line analysis based on SGR indicated that the minimum dietary guaiacol for the optimal growth of juvenile abalone is 15.43 mg kg⁻¹.     

生活百科

牢记七个健康数字新的一年已来临。专家提出了2011年最值得关注的7大数字,建议大家牢记。9.5年一个乐观的人要比悲观的人多活9.5年。2倍糖尿病患者的死亡风险是同龄人的2倍。新的一年,糖友要注意控制体重、合理膳食。     

用正交设计法提取马尾藻高活性膳食纤维

采用正交设计法,研究了马尾藻高活性膳食纤维的提取工艺条件,筛选出马尾藻碱溶性和不溶性膳食纤维的提取与漂白的最佳工艺条件,并将提取到的两种膳食纤维组分重新组合。结果表明,马尾藻高活性膳食纤维的总产率达２７．９％,颜色较白,总膳食纤维干基含量达８１．０８％,钙含量６．８２％,磷含量０．２３％,膨胀力为２２ｍＬ／ｇ,持水力为１２５０％,质量和功能性指标远远超过西方国家标准。     

琼胶残渣制备膳食纤维的研究

膳食纤维被认为是维持人体健康的第六营养素。用江蓠提取琼胶后的残渣制备的膳食纤维,产品外观淡黄,口感细腻,无特异气味。经初步理化分析表明,粗纤维含量高达75.5～81.3%,灰分仅为2.68～2.94%,比重低,持水力高,可广泛应用到食品行业上。     

中国居民膳食结构的区域差异及其健康效应

聚焦“三大地区–九大农区–省域单元”等多种尺度,探究了1987—2017年中国居民膳食结构的区域演变特征,并深入解析了居民膳食结构变化的健康效应。结果表明：(1)中国居民膳食结构逐渐由“粮菜为主”向“多元化消费”转变,膳食质量普遍提高的同时动物源食品摄入量大幅增加。(2)人地关系的差异性驱动多尺度视角下各区域膳食结构向不同方向演进：东部地区动物源食品消费比例上升最快、西部地区始终是油脂类消费比例最高的地区、中部地区粮食消费量下降幅度最小;九大农区动物源食品消费量均呈上升趋势、其他类膳食消费各有所异;各省居民膳食结构尚未形成明显的地域空间分异格局。(3)恶性肿瘤、心脏病、脑血管疾病以及内分泌营养和代谢疾病的死亡人数占总死亡人数的比例与动物源食品、油脂类消费量均呈显著正相关,与粮食消费量呈显著负相关。研究成果以期为科学制定中国城乡居民膳食结构平衡对策提供理论依据和现实参考。     

麒麟菜高活性膳食纤维的提取与功能性试验

采用正交设计法 ,研究了麒麟菜高活性膳食纤维的提取工艺条件 ,筛选出麒麟菜碱处理和漂白的最佳工艺条件 ,提取出麒麟菜高活性膳食纤维 ,并进行人体的功能性试验。结果表明 ,麒麟菜高活性膳食纤维的产率达 32 .4 1% ,颜色较白 ,膳食纤维干基含量 w达 82 .57% ,钙含量 w2 .13% ,磷含量w0 .0 13% ,膨胀力为 2 4 .5m L / g,持水力为 14 50 % ;麒麟菜膳食纤维的功能性优于小麦麸皮膳食纤维 ,对人体便秘具有良好的疗效