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41.
采取田间试验方法,研究了南方丘陵典型季节性干旱区节水稻基农田作物轮作与灌溉模式的需水规律和稻田水分利用率.结果表明,节水稻基农田作物轮茬与灌溉模式通过对水稻和油菜等作物产生的生长调控作用和补偿生效应,使植株蒸腾量、棵间蒸发量及稻田渗漏量大幅降低,各阶段的腾发量、需水强度和需水模系均发生显著变化,形成了稻基农田作物轮茬与灌溉模式新的需水规律.与常规双季模式相比,节水灌溉双季稻模式、水旱轮作双季稻模式、稻油轮作模式的需水强度分别减少了0.76、1.15、0.71 mm/d,渗漏强度分别减少了0.12、0.16、0.19mm/d,水分利用率提高了30.14%、47.95%、17.81%. 相似文献
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黄土台缘滑坡地表水入渗问题分析 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
黄土塬区提灌工程保证了农业生产,却造成了地下水位大幅抬升,使得近年来黄土台缘滑坡不断发生。黄土滑坡一个普遍特征就是后缘发育地裂缝以及落水洞,使地表水(灌溉水以及降雨)直接灌入坡体,诱发了大量黄土滑坡。因此,地表水入渗对于黄土滑坡机理研究以及滑坡防治具有重要意义。文章基于对陕西泾阳南塬黄土滑坡的现场调查,对黄土台缘滑坡地表水入渗工程地质问题进行了初步分析,包括:①地表水入渗与落水洞形成机制;②地表水入渗途径及其与黄土滑坡发育过程的关系;③降雨因素对于黄土滑坡的影响程度。 相似文献
44.
设施农业节水灌溉技术探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
大力推广设施农业节水灌溉,采用先进的灌溉设备,根据作物生产过程中对水的需要,按时、按需对作物进行灌溉,产量高、品质好、节水明显。近几年,随着农业的发展及农业经济结构的调整,宁夏自治区设施农业发展较快,采取了很多节水灌溉方式,并取得了较好的节水效果。深入介绍和探讨了设施农业畦灌技术、设施农业蔬菜沟灌技术、设施农业地膜覆盖灌水技术等11个设施农业节水灌溉技术。 相似文献
45.
通过向一体式膜生物反应器中分别投加聚合铝和粉煤灰改变料液性质,来预防膜污染和提高膜生物反应器对总磷的去除效率,并通过X射线衍射和红外光谱实验分析活性污泥性质的变化,利用扫描电镜分析中空纤维膜表观结构的变化情况,探讨防治膜污染的机理.实验结果表明:聚合铝的投加改变了活性污泥的性质和生物膜的表观结构,可有效地减缓膜污染,且除磷效率达85%以上;而投加粉煤灰并没有明显效果. 相似文献
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47.
膜分离技术的应用及发展趋势 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
综述世界和中国膜分离技术的发展,并对膜分离技术的基本特性、技术特点、膜材料、分类及膜分离装置进行了简单介绍;并介绍了膜分离法在化工及石油工业、食品工业、医药工业和医疗设备、生物技术和环境工程中的应用,并分析了膜分离技术将会在膜材料、新的膜过程和集成膜过程3个方面的发展趋势。同时指出如果能解决膜产品的价格、膜污染和膜分离性能的提高这3个膜的制约因素,膜分离技术将在人类社会的发展史上起到不可替代的作用。 相似文献
48.
YousifK. Kharaka Evangelos G. Kakouros James J. Thordsen David L. Naftz 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):100-101
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient to biota, but can become a potent toxicant at elevated concentrations. The natural sources and chemical properties of Se species make the boundary between deficiency and toxicity narrow for some biota, with both phenomena common around the globe. Large areas of farmland in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) generate salinized drainage water with Se concentrations much higher than 5 μg/L, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic water-quality criterion for the protection of aquatic life. We have carried out detailed field and laboratory studies to investigate Se geochemistry and remediation in two of these areas: the Middle Green River Basin, Utah and the Salton Sea Basin, California, located respectively in the Upper and Lower CRB. Results from these and other studies show that approximately 90% of the dissolved Se in the Colorado River and its tributaries originally is derived from the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale and equivalent pyritic marine units that outcrop in the Upper CRB. Selenium is mobilized commonly by biogeochemical oxidation of this pyritic shale and is concentrated mainly as selenate (SeO4^2-) in soils and agricultural drainage water of dry climates by evaporation. Minor (0%-5%) amounts of Se are present as the selenite species (HSeO3^-) and (SEO3^2-), but these species and the more reduced species, elemental Se (SeO) and selenide (Se^2-), have much lower solubility and/or have high sorptive affinity towards organic matter, clay minerals and iron oxyhydroxides. The concentration of dissolved Se (-2.5 μg/L) and salinity in the Lower Colorado River water are among the highest of the world major rivers. Because of low precipitation (7 cm/a) and extreme evapotranspiration (-1.8 m/a) rates in the Salton Sea Basin, California, Se values in irrigation water imported from the Colorado River increase to 〉300 μg/L in drainage wastewater. Removal of Se from contaminated wastewater by nanofiltration membranes was demonstrated in laboratory and pilot-scale field experiments. 相似文献
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50.
Rui CHEN Xiaoli WANG Yonggang ZHANG Xueqi FU 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):128-129
The use of membranes is a widely employed, versatile, and effective separation process. One of the limiting aspects in applying microfiltration (MF) for wastewater treatment is that of problems with membrane fouling and consequent flux reduction. Membrane fouling occurs by the irreversible deposition of retained particles, colloids, macromolecules, salts, etc. at the membrane surface and/or inside the membrane. The predominant fouling mechanisms observed with MF membranes are classified as three categories: the build-up of a cake layer on the membrane surface, blocking of membrane pores, and adsorption of fouling material on the membrane surface or in the pore walls. Although many techniques have been developed to overcome fouling, studies on membrane cleaning still seem to be insufficient for practical membrane filtration systems. Current membrane cleaning technologies include hydraulic, chemical, and mechanical methods. Ultrasound (US) has been widely used as a method of cleaning materials because of the cavitation phenomenon. In this study, US cleaning technique was applied to removing the fouling of polyvinglidenefluoride (PVDF) MF membrane, which was used to treat yeast cell and isolated soybean protein (ISP) solution, respectively. The US employed 40 kHz frequency and the output power of 1.43-2.85 W/cm^2. The evolution of the cleaning effect is followed by the measurements of the flux recovery rate (FRstat) and the cleaning time cycle. Results showed that the membrane property, which was fouled by yeast cell solution, could be recovered by water cleaning with US irradiation. And the cleaning time with the same FRstat decreased with the increase of US intensity. 相似文献