培养基限氮和添加钨酸钠对微拟球藻脂肪酸组成的影响

微藻的脂肪酸组成与环境条件密切相关.选取微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)为对象,比较研究了对培养基限氮和添加钨酸钠时,其脂肪酸组成的变化.结果表明:培养基限氮时,16∶0、16∶1、和18∶1占总脂肪酸的比例均显著提高,其中16∶0和18∶1均在限制96h达到最高值,分别提高了24.77％和95.27％,而20∶4和20∶5则显著降低.添加钨酸钠培养时,16∶0、16∶1、和18∶1占总脂肪酸的比例均显著提高.在钨酸钠浓度为0.1mmol/L时,与对照组相比,18∶1含量提高了1.13倍.该结果与培养基限氮培养时一致.因此,添加钨酸钠可实现氮限制.本研究旨在通过改变培养条件,探索微藻生物量积累后富集油脂的可能性,为微藻生物柴油大规模生产提供理论基础.     

两种纯化方法获得脂肪酸的链长及碳同位素分布特征对比

饱和脂肪酸及其同位素组成是重建古环境和古气候的重要代用指标,目前存在多种提取及纯化流程。在全球变化研究中,基于不同原理的纯化流程得到的脂肪酸含量及其同位素组成是否一致,直接影响着该指标应用于不同区域重建结果的对比。本文用两种常见的脂肪酸纯化流程提取脂肪酸标准、现生植物和泥炭样品类脂物,通过对比发现:对脂肪酸标准两种流程都可以得到纯净的单体脂肪酸,而且回收率均较高(85%以上),都是较为可靠的脂肪酸纯化流程;然而对于天然样品,虽然高碳数脂肪酸(碳数>C₂₄)的回收率相近,流程1却能够获得相对较多的低碳数饱和脂肪酸,如泥炭样品中该流程获得的n-C₂₂脂肪酸是流程2的3倍;两种流程纯化狗尾草(Setaira viridis)和三叶草(Trifolium repens)得到n-C₁₆脂肪酸的δ¹³C不同,流程1分别为-21.1‰和-36.2‰;流程2分别为-23.3‰和-34.9‰,表明两个实验流程得到的低碳数脂肪酸的含量、脂肪酸链长分布模式以及碳同位素组成均存在明显的差异。实验结果显示,流程2分离纯化样品可得到几乎全部的游离态脂肪酸,而流程1可提纯样品中游离态和酯态存在的总脂肪酸。由于在沉积物中游离态脂肪酸和酯态脂肪酸可以相互转化,因此使用流程1分析样品中的总脂肪酸更为合适,也可以将类脂物皂化使酯态脂肪酸释放为游离态,然后使用流程2。     

Monthly Changes of Glycogen, Lipid and Free Amino Acid of Oyster

Monthly difference of the chemical composition of oyster cultured along the eastern coast of Shandong Province was analyzed. The components analyzed included glycogen, fatty acid and free amino acid （FAA）. The content of glycogen was high in January and March （2.89 and 2.82 g（100 g） ^-1 on average, respectively） and low in October （2.07g（100g）^- 1 on average）. The low content of neutral lipids in October reflected a relatively poor nutritional value of oyster （1.42 g（ 100 g）^- 1 on average）. The main fatty acids of oyster were palmitic acid （16：0）, oleic acid （18： 1）, eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA, 20： 5（0 3） and docosahexaenoic acid （DHA, 22：6（0 3）. The major FAAs of oyster were Taurine, Glutamicacid, Glycin, Alanine, Arginine and Proline. Taurine was the most abundant FAA with its content ranging from 603 mg（100 g） ^-1 to 1 139 mg（ 100 g） ^-1. The high contents of glycogen, polyunsaturated fatty acid and FAA showed that oyster cultured along the eastern coast of Shandong Province was nutritionally good in January and March.     

豆油替代鱼油对赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)生长、体组成及体脂肪酸组成的影响

以鱼粉和酪蛋白为蛋白源,玉米淀粉为糖源,以豆油分别替代25%、50%、75%和100%的鱼油,配制4组等氮(50.26%—51.03%)、等能(20.82—21.01k J/g)实验饲料,每组饲料设3个平行,每个平行20尾鱼,进行为期6周的生长实验。实验结果表明,过高的豆油替代会引起生长的下降。随着豆油替代水平的升高,饲料转换系数(FCR)呈现先下降后上升的趋势,最高值(1.96±0.42)出现在全豆油替代水平组,而蛋白质效率(PER)表现为相反的结果。全豆油替代组呈现相对最高的肝体比(HSI)值,但各处理组之间没有显著性差异(P0.05)。全鱼水分和蛋白含量没有明显差异(P0.05)。投喂25%替代水平组的全鱼脂肪含量最高(P0.05),但是在50%—100%替代水平处理组之间没有显著差异(P0.05)。赤点石斑鱼鱼体脂肪酸组成明显受到饲料脂肪酸组成的影响。随着饲料豆油水平的升高,全鱼鱼体中的亚油酸(C18:2n6)含量显著升高(P0.05),ARA(C20:4n6)、EPA(C20:5n3)和DHA(C22:6n3)含量在全豆油替代组最低。总之,饲料豆油替代水平不宜超过75%,过高的豆油替代水平可能会对赤点石斑鱼生长产生不利影响,并影响鱼的品质。     

神狐海域Site4B表层沉积物中脂肪酸组成及其碳同位素分布特征

通过对神狐海域表层5个沉积物样品进行脂肪酸组成及其碳同位素分布特征测试和研究,结果表明总脂肪酸含量分布为5.14~8.99 μg/g,碳数分布范围从C₁₂到C₃₂,类型包括正构饱和脂肪酸、支链脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和类异戊二烯酸等计48种;样品中饱和的短链脂肪酸主要来自细菌与浮游生物,而长链饱和脂肪酸来自陆源高等植物,其比例表明研究海域中海洋细菌与浮游生物输入量远远大于陆源高等植物的输入。支链脂肪酸10me16:0与单不饱和脂肪酸18:1ω9、16:1ω9主要来自硫酸盐还原菌,而单不饱和脂肪酸16:1ω7很大可能来源于硫氧化菌,比较相对含量得出神狐海域表层沉积物为还原环境。样品中检测出8种类异戊二烯酸,主要是植烷酸和17,21-ββ二升藿烷酸,及少量的姥鲛酸,推测为叶绿素a和细菌微生物的共同贡献。     

FATTY ACIDS PROFILE IN A HIGH CELL DENSITY CULTURE OF ARACHIDONIC ACID-RICH PARIETOCHLORIS INCISA （TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA） EXPOSED TO HIGH PFD

The changes in arachidonic acid (AA) and fatty acids profiles along the growth curve ofParietochloris incisa, a coccoid snow green alga, were studied in a 2.8 cm light-path flat photobiorcactor, exposed to strong photon flux density [PFD, 2400 μEmol/(m²·s)]. Sixteen fatty acids were identified by gas chromatography showing that AA was the dominant fatty acid (33%–41%) followed by linoleic acid (17%–21%). AA content was closely investigated with respect to total fatty acids (TFA), ash free dry weight (AFDW) of cell mass as well as total culture content. These parameters were influenced significantly in a similar manner by culture growth phase, i.e., slightly decreasing in the lag period, gradually increasing in the logarithmic phase, becoming maximal at the early stationary phase, starting to decrease at the late stationary phase, sharply dropping at the decline phase. The increase in AA per culture volume during the logarithmic phase was not only associated with the increase in AFDW but also connected with a corresponding increase in AA/TFA, TFA/AFDW as well as AA/AFDW. The sharp decrease in AA content of the culture during the decline phase was mainly due to the decrease in AA/TFA, TFA/AFDW and AA/AFDW, although AFDW declined only a small extent. Maximal AA concentration, obtained at the early stationary phase, was 900 mg/L culture volume, and the average daily net increase of AA during 9 days logarithmic growth was 1.7 g/(m²·day). Therefore, harvesting prior to the decline phase in a batch culture, or at steady state in continuous culture mode seems best for high AA production. The latter possibility was also further confirmed by continuous culture with 5 gradients of harvesting rate. Contribution No. 4138 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Project 39970575 supported by NSFC and A/2786-2 supported by International Foundation for Sciences (IFS).     

EFFECTS OF HARVEST STAGE ON THE TOTAL LIPID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FOUR CYLINDROTHECA STRAINS

Four strains of Cylindrotheca (B156, B164, B196, and B200) were harvested at three phases in the growth curve and their total lipid and fatty acid composition were determined. Total lipid reached highest values in the late stationary phase in B156 (24.0%), B164 (26.6%) and B200 (17.3%), in the exponential phase in B196 (15.5%). Saturated fatty acids increased with the devel-opment of the culture in B156 and B196, and reached their highest values in the late stationary phase in B156 (41.7%) and B196 (45.1%), in the early stationary phase in B164 (45.4%) and B200 (37.6%). Monounsaturated fatty acids increased with the development of the culture in B196 and B200, and reached their highest values in the late stationary phase in B196 (32.4%) and B200 (32.8%), in the early stationary phase in B164 (31.0%) and in the exponential phase in B156 (29.3%). Polyunsaturat-ed fatty acids decreased in the later phases of the culture in B164, B196 and B200, and peaked in theexponential phase in B164 (29.5%), B196 (42.9%) and B200 (37.3%), and in the early stationary phase in B156 (32.0%).     

不同类型沉积物中脂肪酸的分布、演化和生烃意义

对近代海洋沉积物、泥炭、福山凹陷第三系泥岩、茂名盆地第三系油页岩和辽河盆地东部凹陷第三系沉积岩剖面等样品中脂肪酸类型和分布特征进行了分析与研究。结果表明以低等浮游动植物为主的沉积中，二元肪酸丰度相对比一元酸占优势。随深程度增加，沥青中脂肪酸高碳数相对减少，低碳数相对增高，偶碳估势逐渐消失。在辽河盆地东部凹陷埋深２２６６ｍ的泥岩中发现脂肪酸仍具有偶碳优势，证明沉积有机质中偶碳脂肪酸优势可以保存到生油高峰前的较高演化阶段，对低熟原油烷烃的生成和具奇碳优势有重要意义。     

西峰与段家坡黄土剖面中有机质的特征及古环境信息

对甘肃西峰（X）黄土剖面L1－L6共163个样品进行总有机碳（TOC）和R ock-Eval热解分析，对比分析了西峰和陕西段家坡（D)剖面L5－S5－1层段及其中趋磁细菌的正烷烃与脂肪酸组成，结果显示西峰剖面的TOC与磁化率呈良好的对数关系，两个剖面L5－S5－1层段正烷烃和脂肪酸的分布表明，黄土地区当时古气候偏干冷，黄土高原由西北而东南，古气候呈变暖趋势，西峰剖面从S5－1形成到L5堆积，其古湿度可能有一个突变，即古气候由较湿润突然转变为极干燥，而段家坡地区当时的气候变化则可能较为缓和。     

脂肪酸在古土壤层和黄土层中的分布差异及其环境指示意义

陕西洛川黄土剖面中的黄土层及古土壤层中脂肪酸存在显著差异：黄土层中的正构脂肪酸以不对称的双峰分布，前峰高于后峰，Ｃ１６：０为主峰；古土壤层中，脂肪酸以三组峰分布，Ｃ９，Ｃ１６，Ｃ２８近乎相等；古土壤层中的异构脂肪酸有ｉＣ１７，ｉＣ１９，反异构脂肪酸有ａｉＣ１４，ａｉＣ１５，ａＩＣ１７，ａｉＣ２０等，黄土层中几乎不见它们的，均含有Ｃ１６；１，Ｃ１８：１不饱和脂肪酸，其中Ｃ１８；１含量高。Ｌ２，Ｓ２的