Determination of PCB-contaminated sites in Belarus： A case study

PCBs belong to POPs of priority concern in Belarus due to the large amount of PCBs, long period of PCB and PCB-containing equipment usage and possibilities of PCBs dissemination in the environment. From the point of health risk assessment the revealing of PCBs contaminated sites is very important. The greatest amounts of PCBs in Belarus are used in electrical equipment; therefore experimental work was conducted on the territories where PCB-containing electrical equipment is installed or stored. About 20 sub-stations with capacitors and 2 places with transformers were investigated. More than 200 soil and bottom sediments were collected and analyzed. 6 individual PCBs congeners （PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180 and PCB-203） were detected by gas chromatography and chromatography mass spectrometry. PCBs contents in the soils of the territories, where electrical equipment is used and stored, come up to milligrams or sometime grams per kilogram. Maximum concentrations of PCBs （2-21 g/kg） were tracked in the soil near destroyed capacitors and transformers as a consequence of PCB leakage. The highest concentrations of PCBs are found in topsoil layer. In some cases high PCB concentrations are fixed at the depth of 50 cm. In several cases PCB leakage can be easily noticed due to dark color. Low chlorinated PCBs prevail in the soils of the places where capacitors are installed or stored, and high chlorinated PCBs are noticed where transformers are stored. As a rule, contaminated areas are rather local （typical spot is less than a square meter）. Nevertheless, they are potentially sources of secondary ground and surface water, as well as bottom sediments pollution. Moreover, spreading of PCBs beyond the places of PCB-containing equipment usage or storage occurs： the sum of 6 PCBs at the distance of 100-150 m from capacitor battery comes up to 0.35-4.6 mg/kg in the soil. Soils at practically all investigated sub-stations are polluted with PCBs. In most cases high concentrations of PCBs are revealed. On the whole, spatial structure of PCB contamination soil is extremely heterogeneous.     

气相色谱-质谱法分析某阻燃剂生产厂周边淡水鱼中的多溴联苯醚及其累积特征

近年来多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的研究集中在电子行业发达地区、电子废物处置区、塑料制品生产区等重点污染区域。对阻燃剂生产厂周边PBDEs的研究有助于更好地理解PBDEs的累积特征和环境过程。本文选择江苏某PBDEs生产厂周边的淡水河流,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析该河流5种淡水鱼中13种PBDEs同族体的浓度。结果显示,淡水鱼样品肌肉、肝脏和鱼卵组织中∑_(13)PBDEs(BDE17、28、71、47、66、100、99、85、154、153、138、183、190)的浓度平均值分别为34.5 ng/g.lip、41.5 ng/g.lip和18.2 ng/g.lip。研究水域不同种类淡水鱼的食性、习性和代谢能力等是影响鱼体中PBDEs浓度的主要因素。鱼体中BDE47是主要的同族体,但是与大多数已报道的研究数据相比,鱼体中含有的六溴(BDE153、154)和七溴同族体(BDE183)比例较高,这与河流附近工厂生产八溴联苯醚工业品(以六溴、七溴和八溴同族体为主)相符。工厂生产的八溴联苯醚工业品以及河流上游径流带来的其他区域生产和使用的多溴联苯醚工业品释放到环境中,被河流中的淡水鱼类选择性地积累和代谢,形成了本研究区淡水鱼体中PBDEs特殊的同族体分布。     

水体中多溴联苯醚污染及其生态风险

水环境是多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的主要环境归宿之一,研究水环境中PBDEs污染对于了解PBDEs的环境生物地球化学过程及其生态风险具有重要意义。基于水相、沉积相和水生生物中PBDEs污染的报道,从多介质分布特征、污染来源、变化趋势以及PBDEs的水生生物累积和生物放大等方面综述了水环境中PBDEs的污染及其生态风险,并讨论了我国水环境中PBDEs污染及其研究进展,指出了研究存在的问题和进一步研究的重点。     

用于原子吸收光谱分析的在线流动注射液-液萃取流路系统研究及应用

本文对在线液-液萃取流路系统进行了研究,采用一种新型相分离器——重力相分离器和提出了一个萃取镉的新体系:Cd-KI-抗坏血酸-联苯重氮撑氨基偶氮苯,并用所设计的流路对矿石中痕量镉进行了测定,在采样频率为20h~(-1)时,方法的灵敏度比直接测定提高100倍,检出限(3δ)为0.5ug·l~(-1)(n=10),相对标准偏差为1.1％(n=10)。     

巢湖表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布和污染源解析

在巢湖不同区域采集了16个表层沉积物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱仪测定沉积物中低溴代多溴联苯醚(LPBDEs)和BDE209的含量,并对其残留、组成、空间分布和污染来源进行分析.结果表明,巢湖沉积物中共计检测到9种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)化合物.∑LPBDEs的含量为0.001~2.75 ng/g,平均值为1.15 ng/g,平均检测率为44.83%;BDE209的含量为1.16~5.49 ng/g,平均值为2.83 ng/g,检测率为100%.与国内其他区域相比,巢湖沉积物中PBDEs含量总体处于中等水平.巢湖沉积物中各类LPBDEs和BDE209同系物含量为:西半湖东半湖湖心.巢湖沉积物中PBDEs以BDE209为主要成分,不同采样点PBDEs同系物的组成不同.相关性分析表明BDE209与LPBDEs在环境中的迁移存在相关性.     

土壤中多溴联苯醚的特性

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)作为阻燃剂被广泛使用于生产生活中,是受到全球关注的新环境污染物。本文在概述多溴联苯醚性质、危害以及分析多溴联苯醚来源的基础上,描述了对多溴联苯醚污染的风险评价方法。     

超高效液相色谱—三重四级杆质谱联用对水中4,4'-二氨基联苯的测定研究

4,4'-二氨基联苯(4,4'-diaminobiphenyl),俗称"联苯胺",是染料合成的重要中间体,从它可合成超过300种染料,但因其毒性很强,现已改用其他毒性较小的原料。4,4'-二氨基联苯及其盐类都是有毒且致癌的物质,固体及蒸汽极易通过皮肤进入体内,引起接触性皮炎,刺激黏膜,损害肝和肾脏。由于该物质的毒性强,在《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中规定了其在地表水中的标准限值(0.000 2 mg/L)。通过用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用仪对本污染物分析的研究,实验表明,此方法可以避免繁杂的前处理过程,水样直接用玻璃针头过滤器过滤后即可上机测定。