李克强:拓展区域发展新空间

<正>关键词区域发展拓展空间3月5日,国务院总理李克强在第十二届全国人大三次会议政府工作报告中指出,要拓展区域发展新空间,统筹实施"四大板块"和"三个支撑带"的战略组合。关于如何拓展区域发展新空间,李克强强调,要统筹实施"四大板块"和"三个支撑带"的战略组合。要在西部地区开工建设一批综合交通、能源、水利、生态、民生等重大项目,落实好全面振兴东北地区等老     

吉林通化地区元古代岩石地层研究

以宏观岩石学为基础,结合侵入岩事件、高精度同位素测年、变质变形特征、岩石化学及地球化学特征,对通化地区古元古代、中元古代"岩石地层"单位重新进行划分和厘定,并赋予新的含义。研究结果表明:通化地区出露的古元古代、中元古代岩石地层自下而上划分为光华岩群、集安岩群和老岭群,光华岩群与集安岩群呈整合接触关系,为同一时期、同一地球动力学机制下裂谷构造环境的产物,老岭群角度不整合覆盖于集安岩群之上。LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb同位素测年显示,光华岩群双庙岩组变质玄武岩形成年龄为(2 120±10)Ma。     

基于图像识别的碎屑流颗粒分布特征及碎屑流与房屋相互作用探究

由于崩滑-碎屑流具有高隐蔽性、发生时间短暂以及较低的可预见性,较难直观观测崩滑-碎屑流发生的过程。为了对碎屑动力特性及对房屋的破坏情况进行研究,拟对碎屑流堆积体及其粒径分布进行分析。以普洒村崩塌-碎屑流为例,使用PCAS系统对碎屑流堆积体图像进行颗粒识别、统计,并通过量纲分析法,分析堆积体颗粒与房屋破坏之间的定量联系。分析结果发现:与现场筛分统计相比,图像识别堆积体颗粒的方法得到的数据更全面、详细,并且能节省大量的人力、物力资源。另外,对房屋与碎屑流之间的相互作用进行了探究,发现房屋对碎屑流颗粒有"拦粗排细"的作用。同时,利用图像识别得到的颗粒粒径数据对推导出房屋破坏的判别公式,判别效果较好,能够在地质灾害防治、预测领域发挥一定作用。      

树木地貌学在地质灾害研究中的应用

地质灾害对人类及环境造成的影响巨大,了解灾害发生的规律及影响机制对防灾减灾有重大意义。树木分布广泛,不会迁移,一般情况下每年形成一圈记录当年环境状况的年轮,利用树木年轮信息能够分析环境因子的时空变化。树木地貌学已普遍应用于地震、泥石流、滑坡等地质灾害研究,通常以重建灾害发生的时间、影响范围、运动过程等为基础,评价地质灾害对森林结构组成、地貌变化的影响,分析灾害在时间及空间上的变化过程,结合气象及水文数据,能够探讨诱发灾害的可能原因,进而推测在全球变化大背景下的发展趋势。为此,探讨了利用树木年轮重建地质灾害的理论基础,总结了主要研究成果并分析了当前研究的不足,指出以后的研究方向。     

坡面泥石流演化模式及其试验

坡面泥石流是斜坡地貌演化的重要环节,也是我国山区公路的主要水毁灾害,具有分布广、出现频率高、致灾作用强等特点。从地貌演化观点,将坡面泥石流演化模式分为顶部刮铲演化模式(模式1)、溯源挖掘演化模式(模式2)和局部饱和孕滑演化模式(模式3),其中模式1遵循蠕滑→滑流→刮铲滑流→沉积演化过程,模式2遵循前缘开裂→崩滑→链式崩滑→沉积演化过程,模式3遵循局部饱和→蠕滑→滑流→沉积演化过程;针对坡面泥石流演化模式3,选取前期降雨量120 mm和降雨强度15 mm/(10 min)的试验工况,前期降雨分4次,降1 h,停2 h,强降雨分4次降雨实施,降1 h,停30 min,通过室内模型试验,通过试验过程中土体参数实时监测分析了前期降雨入渗阶段土体中含水量、孔隙水压力的变化规律,强降雨阶段揭示了局部饱和阶段、蠕滑阶段、滑流阶段和沉积阶段随试验过程的变化过程,量化了饱和区、蠕滑区、滑流区、沉积区的面积大小与试验持续时间的关系;初步分析了坡面泥石流演化过程研究的复杂性及研究趋势,尤其应高度重视坡面泥石流演化各阶段的力学机制描述与转换问题研究。     

方桩H型桩尖在湛江地区老粘土中的应用

湛江地区老粘土分布广泛,呈硬塑-坚硬状,粘聚力大,力学强度高,对沉桩有一定影响。针对湛江地区较多工程高桩码头方桩沉桩施工中出现裂损或入土过浅的现象,结合湛江奥里油电厂油改煤项目码头工程,设计对方桩锥形桩尖优化为H型桩尖,施工中没有出现桩破损现象,最终贯入度、桩尖标高达到设计要求;施工完成后经检测,桩身质量和承载力满足设计要求,效果良好,可供湛江地区类似工程借鉴参考。     

外媒集萃

正国土资源部公开四十五项行政审批事项●2月14日,国土资源部在门户网站上向社会公开目前保留的45项行政审批事项目录,接受社会监督,听取社会对进一步取消和下放行政审批事项的意见。目录显示,45项行政审批事项中,地质资料延期汇交审批、土地登记上岗证核发、土地登记代理人职业资格认定3项面向公民个人,其他均面向机关、事业单位、企业或社会组织。     

铸就生命之堤——鸡西市梨树区石场村二组泥石流地质灾害应急演练记

“乡亲们,大雨引发泥石流了,赶快撤离”。这是发生在梨树区石场村二组地质灾害应急演练现场的一幕。8月7日,由省国土资源厅和鸡西市政府主办,鸡西市国土资源局和鸡西市梨树区人民政府承办的大型地质灾害应急避险演练在鸡西市梨树区石场村二组泥石流现场举行。     

Debris flow disaster prevention and mitigation of non-structural strategies in Taiwan

Taiwan has disadvantageous conditions for sediment-related disasters such as debris flows. The construction of engineering structures is an effective strategy for reducing debris flow disasters. However, it is impossible to construct engineering structures in all debris flow areas in a short period. Therefore, the government aims to gradually develop non-structural preventive strategies, including evacuation planning, debris flow disaster emergency action system, disaster resistant community program, recruitment of debris flow professional volunteers, debris flow warning systems, and land management strategies, to mitigate disasters and secure the safety of residents. This review describes the processes and effects of recent debris flow non-structural preventive strategies in Taiwan. The average number of casualties prior to the year 2000 was far higher than the corresponding number after 2000 because debris flow evacuation drills have been promoted since 2000 and the debris flow disaster emergency action system has been progressively improved since 2002. Furthermore, the changes in risks caused by debris flow disasters before and after the implementation of non-structural preventive strategies were used to explain the effectiveness of these strategies at the community level. The results showed that software-based non-structural preventive strategies can effectively reduce the casualties caused by debris flows at both the national and community levels.     

Debris flows risk analysis and direct loss estimation: the case study of Valtellina di Tirano,Italy

andslide risk analysis is one of the primary studies providing essential instructions to the subsequent risk management process. The quantification of tangible and intangible potential losses is a critical step because it provides essential data upon which judgments can be made and policy can be formulated. This study aims at quantifying direct economic losses from debris flows at a medium scale in the study area in Italian Central Alps. Available hazard maps were the main inputs of this study. These maps were overlaid with information concerning elements at risk and their economic value. Then, a combination of both market and construction values was used to obtain estimates of future economic losses. As a result, two direct economic risk maps were prepared together with risk curves, useful to summarize expected monetary damage against the respective hazard probability. Afterwards, a qualitative risk map derived using a risk matrix officially provided by the set of laws issued by the regional government, was prepared. The results delimit areas of high economic as well as strategic importance which might be affected by debris flows in the future. Aside from limitations and inaccuracies inherently included in risk analysis process, identification of high risk areas allows local authorities to focus their attention on the “hot-spots”, where important consequences may arise and local （large） scale analysis needs to be performed with more precise cost-effectiveness ratio. The risk maps can be also used by the local authorities to increase population’s adaptive capacity in the disaster prevention process.