投加粉末活性炭对MBR运行性能的影响

试验研究比较了在相同的进水和运行条件下,反应器1(投加粉末活性炭,投加量为12.3 g,使其质量浓度达到1 100 mg/L)和反应器2(未投加粉末活性炭)的膜透水性及对污染物的去除效果,并分析了粉末活性炭可以提高膜过滤性能的相关机理。试验结果表明：反应器1的膜通量衰减速率明显小于反应器2;投加粉末活性炭改变了混合液的性质,也大大降低了混合液中胞外聚合物和微细胶体的含量,从而减缓了膜通量的下降速度,可以使系统长时间地以相对高的膜通量运行。     

活性炭对海水养殖废水处理中动态膜污染的控制过程与作用机制研究

研究了粉末活性炭(Powdered Activated Carbon,PAC)投加对厌氧/好氧-移动床-动态膜组合生物膜反应器(A/O-MB-DMBR)处理海水养殖废水工艺中的膜污染控制过程与作用机制.结果表明:投加PAC使反应器中生物膜胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,...     

Characteristics of Elemental Composition of PM2.5 in the Spring Period at Tongyu in the Semi-arid Region of Northeast China

Continuous observations of mass concentration and elemental composition of aerosol particles （PM2.5） were conducted at Tongyu, a semi-arid site in Northeast China in the spring of 2006. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 at Tongyu station was 260.9±274.4 μg m^-3 during the observation period. Nine dust events were monitored with a mean concentration of 528.0±302.7 μgm^-3. The PM2.5 level during non- dust storm （NDS） period was 111.65±63.37 μg m^-3. High mass concentration shows that fine-size particles pollution was very serious in the semi-arid area in Northeast China. The enrichment factor values for crust elements during the dust storm （DS） period are close to those in the NDS period, while the enrichment factor values for pollution elements during the NDS period are much higher than those in the DS period, showing these elements were from anthropogenic sources. The ratios of dust elements to Fe were relative constant during the DS period. The Ca/Fe ratio in dust aerosols at Tongyu is remarkably different from that observed in other source regions and downwind regions. Meteorological analysis shows that dust events at Tongyu are usually associated with dry, low pressure and high wind speed weather conditions. Air mass back-trajectory analysis identified three kinds of general pathways were associated with the aerosol particle transport to Tongyu, and the northwest direction pathway was the main transport route.     

一种仿苏纪石材料的宝石学特征

采用宝石显微镜、偏光显微镜、电子探针、X射线粉末衍射仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等测试方法对近期在北京珠宝市场上大量出现的一种仿苏纪石材料样品进行了常规宝石学、矿物学、谱学特征研究。结果表明,该仿苏纪石材料是以透闪石为主要矿物、石英为次要矿物的染色玉石;其与天然苏纪石的主要鉴别特征为：该仿苏纪石材料的密度较大,表面较粗糙以及特征的红外光谱。     

能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪现场快速测定多金属矿中17种组分

直接使用粉末样品,用Minipal 4便携式能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪测定多金属矿样品中的三氧化二铝、氧化镁、二氧化硅、氧化钾、氧化钙、三氧化二铁、硫、铜、锰、锌、铋、锑、铅、镓、银、砷、锡等17种组分,方法简便、快速,用多金属矿石国家一级标准物质验证,分析结果与标准值基本符合;精密度试验表明,各组分的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)均小于12%,能够满足矿山和野外现场快速测定的要求。     

X射线荧光光谱测定稀土铁氧体的方法研究

采用X射线荧光光谱分析方法,直接粉末压片测定磁铅石型稀土铁氧体中Fe、Ba、La等元素的浓度,实验结果表明：在最佳仪器工作条件下,测试结果的相对标准偏差均〈1.71%（n=8）;分析结果与理论值相比,镧测定相对误差〈10.58%,其他元素测定误差均〈2.23%。本方法具有制样方法简便、准确可靠和成本低等特点。     

粉末压片制样波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定钼矿石中9种元素

X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析方法中,采用粉末压片制样存在粒度效应和矿物效应等问题,但当样品在一定的粒度、压制压力及压制时间条件下,矿物效应和粒度效应仅仅对钠、钙等轻元素的测试有影响,而对钼、铜、铅等元素的测试并无影响。基于此本文建立了粉末压片制样波长色散XRF直接测定钼矿石中Mo、W、Cu、Pb、Zn、F、S、As、Bi等9种元素的方法。采用价格低廉的低压聚乙烯粉作衬垫镶边材料,样品在35 t的压力下压制30 s,制备的样片坚固光滑、吸潮性小,长期保存不发生形变,消除了粒度效应。选用自制的钼含量呈梯度变化的钼矿石样品及钼矿石、钨矿石、铜矿石、铅矿石、铋矿石、锌矿石等国家标准物质作为校准样品建立标准曲线,降低了矿物效应,采用经验系数法消除谱线重叠和基体干扰。本方相对标准偏差小于2.1%,各元素的测定结果与电感耦合等离子发射光谱法等其他方法测量值吻合。与已报道的玻璃熔融和粉末压片制样方法相比较,检出限较低,如钼的检出限为3.67 μg/g,比玻璃熔融法的检出限(450 μg/g或24 μg/g)要低得多;砷的检出限为1.13 μg/g,低于其他粉末压片法的检出限(7.8 μg/g)。本方法提出了克服粒度效应及光谱诸干扰因素影响的详细解决方案,有利于XRF法应用于定量分析基体组成复杂的钼矿石。     

灰岩和白云岩的X射线荧光光谱分析

使用XRF粉末压片法可直接测定灰岩和白云岩中的主要化学成分,对样品进行15min研磨和使用30×10~2 MPa的制样压力,可以减小基体效应中的粒度效应,再通过数学校正法消除基体效应中的吸收、增强效应,分析结果的准确度和精密度可与化学法相比。     

红外光谱在几种相似硫酸盐矿物判别中的应用

为快速、有效区分硫酸盐矿物,选取几类具代表性的硫酸盐类矿物样品,采用红外光谱法的反射法和KBr压片法收集各样品的中红外吸收光谱,并进行对比和分析。结果表明,常规矿物测试应用物理特性很难将各矿物区分,红外吸收光谱可有效区分几类相似硫酸盐矿物。对相同结构类型、分子构型、晶系及对称类型的硫酸盐矿物,[SO4]2-基团与[OH]-基团的红外活性内振动频率具随阳离子半径减小而增大、阳离子质量增大而降低的规律。对反射法和KBr压片法测试结果比对,SO4基团与OH基团内振动特征峰基本一致,偏差约0~10 cm-1,个别约40±cm-1。     

A New Method for Determining Fluid Compositions in the H20-NaCl-CaCl2 System with Cryogenic Raman Spectroscopy

Raman peaks of various hydrates in the H20-NaCl-CaCl2 system have been previously identified, but a quantitative relationship between the Raman peaks and XNaCl （i.e.,NaCl/ （NaCl＋CaCl2）） has not been established, mainly due to the difficulty to freeze the solutions. This problem was solved by adding alumina powder to the solutions to facilitate nucleation of crystals. Cryogenic （-185℃） Raman spectroscopic studies of alumina-spiced solutions indicate that XNaCl is linearly correlated with the total peak area fraction of hydrohalite. Capsules of solutions made from silica capillary were prepared to simulate fluid inclusions. Most of these artificial fluid inclusions could not be totally frozen even at temperatures as low as -185℃, and the total peak area fraction of hydrohalite is not correlated linearly with XNaCI. However, the degree of deviation （△XNaCl） from the linear correlation established earlier is related to the amount of residual solution, which is reflected by the ratio （r） of the baseline ＂bump＂ area, resulting from the interstitial unfrozen brine near 3435 cm^-1, and the total hydrate peak area between 3350 and 3600 cm^-1. A linear correlation between △XNaCl and r is established to estimate XNaCl from cryogenic Raman spectroscopic analysis for fluid inclusions.