用ERS风散射计数据估算土壤水分方法的研究

欧空局ERS1/2卫星上的风散射计(WSC),分辨率是50km,4天内能覆盖全球超过80%的范围,并可在多角度下对地物目标进行观测。本文研究利用该散射计数据估算土壤水分的方法。首先,利用基于ERS散射计数据建立的全球C波段雷达后向散射系数数据库,根据传统的几何光学模型(GOM),反演得到与土壤含水量密切相关的法线方向Fresnel反射率,并与两个采样点(安多和那曲)上的实测降雨量及土壤水分相对比,证明了ERS散射计数据与土壤水分的高相关性;第二步,以水云模型为基础,结合AIEM模型,发展了一种简化模型来估算土壤水分绝对值,分别利用气象站实测点数据和同时期的Basist湿度指数(BWI)进行验证,表明反演结果能较好反映土壤水分的空间分布状况。     

Study of Aerodynamic Parameters on Different Underling Surfaces

Aerodynamic parameters including the zero-plane displacement (d), roughness length (20), and friction velocity (u*) on the different underlying surfaces of heavy-grazing site, medium-grazing site, light-grazing site, no-grazing site, dune, inter-dune, grassland, rice paddy site, wheat site, soybean site, and maize site have been computed based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory by utilizing the micrometeorologically observed data of dune and vegetation in the semi-arid area at Naiman, Inner Mongolia of China, conducted jointly by the Institute of Desert Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences of Japan in 1990-1994. And their relationships between wind speed and Richardson number are analyzed. The aerodynamic characteristics of different man-made disturbed grassland ecosystems are also compared. Result shows that the vegetation coverage and the above-ground biomass decrease with the increase in man-made stress of the grassland. The roughness length for different underlying surfaces is closely related to vegetation height, above-ground biomass, and ground surface undulation, and Richardson number Ri is also its influencing factor. The friction velocity varies largely on different underlying surfaces, and it is positively proportional to wind speed and roughness length. The aerodynamic parameters of various times on the same underlying surface are different, too. Above results indicate that grassland and vegetation are of significance in preventing desertification, especially in the arid and semi-arid land ecosystems. And the results of this paper are also important for constructing the land surface physical process as well as regional climate model.     

华北地区地应力测量

本文首先叙述了地应力测量的原理和方法,包括应力计的结构、应力解除技术、室内模拟试验和观测可靠性的检验等。 在华北地区采用应力解除方法进行了地应力绝对值的测量。虽然测量大都是在地表以下30米内的浅部进行的,各测点最大主应力的方向也不完全一致,但从整个大区域来看,华北地区地应力场的主导方向为北西西到近东西方向的压应力。 大震后在震中区测得的应力值比离震中较远处测得的应力值要低。这可能反映了地震过程中的应力释放和震后应力的调整。     

气象条件对火箭发射的影响

据媒体报道,中国发射火箭运送卫星上太空,就曾因天气原因而推迟时日,国外也有不步这方面的报道。那么,作为高科技的产品——火箭,也要受到气象的影响和制约。当前世界各国已研制出各种类型的火箭几百种,并且自60年代开始,战术导弹已在局地战争中广泛地使用。例如,1960年前苏联使用地对空导弹击落侵入国土的美国U-2高空侦察机(中国也有实例)。     

阿特拉斯·科普柯移动空气业务部举行“新品发布会暨亚太区客户大会”

2010年11月23～26日,在上海新国际博览中心举行的“2010年Bauma国际工程机械展”上,阿特拉斯·科普柯不仅展示其了主力产品,还以“活力体验之旅（Expefience our Energy）”为主题推出XAXS600CD717bar、QASFLX125KVA、XAS87和XRVS976等新设备。     

温州市瓯海区：进行地质防灾检查

今年2月份以来,温州降水明显增多,特别是近期受冷空气影响,瓯海辖区持续大雨,地质灾害极易发生。近日,瓯海国土资源分局副局长胡建敏在地矿科等工作人员的陪同下,前往瞿溪、泽雅等镇对地质灾害防治工作进行检查。胡建敏副局长首先来到三溪所、泽雅所,与所长们进行了畅谈。他指出基层管理所地处工作一线,     

陕北榆林地区舒适性空调空气处理方案分析

分析了当地的气候条件,提出应因地制宜的合理确定舒适性空调空气处理方案及空调形式。并结合榆林地区已有的空调工程经验,提出常用空调方案设计中应注意的事项,并对其设计及运行工况加以阐述与分析。     

Precipitation type estimation and validation in China

The results from three methods aimed at improving precipitation type(e.g., rain, sleet, and snow) estimation are presented and compared in this paper. The methods include the threshold air temperature(AT), threshold wet bulb temperature(WBT) and Koistinen and Saltikoff(KSS) methods.Dot graphs are plotted to acquire the threshold air temperature or the threshold wet bulb temperature using daily averaged air temperature, wet bulb temperature and precipitation data at 643 stations from 1961 to 1979(precipitation types are not labeled in the database from 1980 to present) in China. The results indicate that the threshold AT or WBT methods are not able to differentiate rain, sleet and snow in the most regions in China; sleet is difficult to differentiate from other precipitation types based on the two threshold methods. Therefore, one threshold AT and WBT method was used in this study to differentiate rain and snow. Based on GaussianKriging interpolation of threshold air temperature(T0and wet bulb temperature(Tw), the T0 and Tw contour lines and contour surfaces are calculated for China.Finally, a comparison between the KSS, AT and WBT methods are provided in which the KSS method is calculated based on air temperature and relative humidity. The results suggest that the KSS method is more appropriate for water phase estimation than are the other methods; the maximum precision for rain and snow is 99% and 94%, respectively. The AT method performs better than the WBT method when the critical air temperature is 2°C.     

一种可用于藏北高寒条件的土壤空气采集器

一般的土壤空气采集装置在藏北除不同程度存在着结构复杂、不便携带、土壤固液态杂质干扰等问题外,适用性和经济性也受到了极大的限制。基于"原位防扰动、隔离降误差、手动便携更实用"的思想,介绍了一种呈管状多层次嵌套结构且具有防水透气采气窗的便携式土壤空气原位采集器,该装置能抽掉残留空气又能防止土壤水分入渗及土壤固体组分的干扰,且工艺简单、便携易用、经济耐用,适用于藏北高寒草原的复杂自然环境。