青海別勒滩试验区低品位固体钾盐液化开采的野外实验研究

我国是一个钾盐资源贫乏的国家,长期依靠进口。在我国,钾盐找矿难度较大,经过50多年的勘查,盐湖找钾已很难有新的大突破。但值得注意的是,在察尔汗盐湖、马海、罗布泊等地有数亿吨低品位固体钾盐,这些资源相当于一个超大型钾矿,对低品位固体钾盐的开发是缓解我国钾盐短缺重要的、可行的方向。本文在青海別勒滩试验区对3米以浅地层进行了野外溶矿实验,研究低品位固体钾盐固液转化过程中的水动力学和水化学变化等问题。研究发现,溶矿过程中试验区内不同时间、不同单元探坑中水位变化差别较大,表明別勒滩地区在地质结构、构造,特别是孔隙度等方面存在较大差异;溶矿过程中试验区内不同时间、不同单元探坑中卤水的KCl含量有差异,溶矿初期,探坑内卤水KCl含量变化与水位埋深呈相反趋势,水位抬升效果最好的区域其卤水品质较差;随着溶剂的不断补充和与固体钾矿反应时间的增加,卤水KCl含量整体趋于平均,但总体上含量较低。经过几个月的溶矿实验,探坑中卤水KCl含量仍较低,溶矿效果不理想。这可能是因为近几年对低品位固体钾盐持续开采,地层中钾盐矿物含量降低导致溶矿后卤水中KCl含量降低。因此,需要对浅部矿床地质特征进行精准评估,精细化分形溶采管理,以避免盲目补给溶剂,造成无效溶解,使得溶采工程低效率运行,生产成本提高。     

The solution of the double-sphere model and experimental research of the longterm shear strength of frozen sand based on spherical template indenter test北大核心CSCD

The distribution of frozen soil in our country is very broad, and the area of permafrost alone accounts for 22. 4% of the total land area. As a special kind of soil, frozen soil has many properties that thawing soil does not have due to the influence of ice cement in the soil. Among the many properties of frozen soil, the deformation and strength of frozen soil are the basic problems affecting engineering construction in frozen soil areas. The spherical template indenter test is widely used in the test of the mechanical properties of frozen soil because of its simple test process and relatively accurate test results. Compared with the conventional triaxial test or direct shear test, the test process of the spherical template indenter test is simple and easy to implement, the test period is short, and the sample preparation requirements are low. The advantage of effective cohesion is more significant. Therefore, based on the spherical template indenter test of the frozen soil, this paper estimates the strength and mechanical index of the soil through the indentation depth of the spherical template indenter test, and establishes the relationship between the force of the sample and the indentation depth of the indenter test. The specific test method is as follows:take the water-saturated frozen sandy soil made of different particle size groups(the moisture content of the sample is affected by the particle size in the saturated state)as the research object, study the variation law of the depth of the frozen soil sample pressed into the soil by the spherical indenter with time under the conditions of different fixed loads. By comparing and referring to the frozen sands of each particle size group, the long-term equivalent cohesion of the frozen sands of different particle size groups is summarized. The change law of force(long-term shear strength)with time, and the research method of elastic mechanics to solve space problems, summed up the mutual conversion between the depth St of spherical template indenters pressed into frozen sand samples under different fixed load test conditions relation. The research results show that the long-term shear strength of frozen sand based on the spherical mold test is positively correlated with its particle size. At the same time, since the ice content of frozen soil samples is proportional to its particle size, the long-term shear strength of frozen sand is also proportional to the test. The ice content of the sample increases year-on-year;the long-term shear strength of the frozen sand is related to the maximum contact pressure on the contact surface between the frozen soil and the indenter during the test, which can be expressed as Ct = γq0. The size of the relationship coefficient γ is inversely proportional to the diameter of the spherical indenter. In this paper, the spherical indenter is selected as 22 mm, and γ=3. 82×10-3. By establishing the relationship between the maximum contact pressure q0 and the long-term shear strength Ct When the maximum contact pressure q0 is the same under different fixed loads, the long-term shear strength Ct is also the same. According to this, the depth curve and the freezing depth of the frozen sand pressed into the soil by the spherical indenter over time under different fixed loads can be converted. Long-term shear strength curve of frozen sandy soil with time. It has been verified by experiments that the conversion curve of the depth of the indenter pressed into the soil with time under a fixed load of 7. 0 kg is highly consistent with the measured curve of the depth of the indenter pressed into the soil with time under a fixed load of 5. 1 kg and 7. 0 kg. © 2022 Nanjing Forestry University. All rights reserved.     

砂土卵石地层高频冲击直推半合管取样工艺应用研究

地层的取样质量决定了污染场地调查的准确性,获取无污染、无扰动、结构完整且取心率要达到一定要求的样品对于环境取样具有十分重要的意义。砂土卵石地层软硬交错、结构松散,造成取样率低、样品结构易破坏、钻进取样效率低等问题。本文采用高频冲击直推钻机,配合半合管取样钻具,以乌海市重点行业企业某化工园区的污染详查工作为例,介绍了高频冲击直推半合管取样工艺及其应用效果。该工艺在砂土卵石地层中岩心采取率达85%以上,样品原状性好,为后期该类地层的钻探取样提供了可靠的参考依据。     

基于破损参数简化的二元介质冻结粉细砂土本构模型

二元介质模型在非冻结岩土材料中已得到广泛研究,但在冻土领域的相关研究尚不充分。为探讨三轴试验条件下冻结粉细砂土的强度变形特性,此处引入二元介质理论对冻土应力-应变关系进行分析研究。针对现有二元介质模型参量多、确定方法复杂的特点,推导了基于破损参数简化的二元介质模型;并结合开展的5种细颗粒含量、4种围压条件下的冻土三轴试验,对推导模型进行了验证。结果表明:随轴向应变的增大,应力-应变曲线可划分为线弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段和应变软化阶段,3个阶段均可通过胶结元和摩擦元转化理论进行较好的解释;同一围压下随细颗粒含量的增大,偏应力和体胀最大值均呈降低趋势,抗剪强度呈线性减小趋势;在横截面积修正条件下,随轴向应变的增大,5种细颗粒含量冻结粉细砂土均表现为应变软化特性,体积变形表现出由体缩向体胀转化发展的趋势;偏应力发展3个阶段的转折点,与体积变形中体缩极值点和体缩体胀转折点较为契合;通过三轴试验偏应力实测值与基于破损参数简化的二元介质本构模型计算值对比分析,简化模型可以较好地模拟冻结粉细砂土的偏应力-轴向应变关系。     

矿渣−粉煤灰地聚合物固化砂土力学特性研究

硅酸盐水泥作为常规的土壤固化剂存在高能耗、高排放等问题,研究人员一直在寻求一种更加经济环保的水泥代替品。使用基于高炉矿渣（ground granulated blast-furnace slag,简称 GGBS）、粉煤灰（ fly ash,简称 FA）的地聚合物对砂土进行加固,通过调整激发剂的种类和配比、矿渣与粉煤灰比例、水灰比和养护条件等,研究不同因素对地聚合物固化砂土力学性能的影响。通过无侧限抗压强度（unconfined compressive strength,简称 UCS）测试、电子计算机断层扫描（ computed tomography,简称 CT ）分析、扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope,简称 SEM）对试样进行了深入研究。结果表明：基于 GGBS-FA 的地聚合物可有效地提高砂土的力学性能;复合激发剂的加固效果优于单组分激发剂;低温不会明显降低地聚合物固化砂土的最终力学性能,仅延缓了地质聚合反应和结构的形成;碱性环境对地聚合物固化砂土的强度有促进作用;酸性环境及长时间暴露在空气中,会降低地聚合物固化砂土的强度。     

水汽补给下砂土冻胀量与微观结构参数关联研究

水汽补给可诱发砂土填料的冻胀。基于自主研发的水汽迁移和冻胀试验仪,研究了气态水补给下砂土含水率、温度和冻胀量变化规律;利用体视显微镜对冻结过程中砂土微观结构变化特征进行了研究,结合灰色关联理论分析了宏观指标冻胀量与微观参数之间的关联关系。结果表明：在水汽补给下砂土会发生明显冻胀,冻结 7 d 时冻胀量达到 3.45 mm。砂土经历冻胀后,大孔隙面积占比增加、中小微孔隙面积占比降低,孔隙数量占比变化趋势与面积占比相反,孔隙丰度值变化不大,孔隙定向角在各区间分布趋于更加均匀,孔隙定向概率熵整体呈震荡上升趋势,孔隙分形维数呈下降趋势。此外,利用灰色关联理论,建立了宏观参数冻胀量与平均孔径等微观参数之间的关联关系式,进一步揭示了水汽补给下砂土冻胀的微观机制。     

基于细观特征的含水砂层蠕变潜力评价研究

在地面沉降过程中含水砂层的蠕变量不可忽视。本文以石英砂为试验材料,研究颗粒粒径、级配及形状对砂土蠕变特性的影响,并从细观角度定性和定量分析其蠕变机制,建立与宏观变形的联系。结果表明：砂土的蠕变过程分为稳定蠕变、减速蠕变和衰减蠕变3个阶段,砂土的粒径、级配及颗粒形状对蠕变特性产生影响：粒径越大,级配越好,颗粒形状越复杂,则任意时刻的蠕变速率越大,最终蠕变应变也越大。砂土细观参数可较好地反映其宏观蠕变特性,砂土的最终蠕变应变越大时,颗粒破碎程度越高,颗粒最终平均形状系数越大,孔隙率变化越大,最终面积概率分布指数也越大。在此基础上,引入砂土蠕变潜力评价指数(I_cp),提出了利用砂土颗粒与孔隙特征评价地面沉降中不同砂土层蠕变潜力的方法。     

离心机振动台模型试验验证的珊瑚礁砂液化判别方法研究

工程现场珊瑚礁砂场地主要以珊瑚砂、砾组成的宽级配珊瑚礁砂,其砾粒含量分布从20%～90%,其液化特性与普通石英砂有较大区别,如仍采用现行液化判别方法评估珊瑚礁砂场地液化潜势,则容易导致工程场地的抗液化处理设计不经济或无法满足要求。以中国南海岛礁和东帝汶珊瑚礁砂为研究对象开展了原级配大动三轴试验分析,建立了基于抗液化强度(cyclic resistance ratios,简称CRR)与相对密实度Dr关系液化判别方法,并通过离心机振动试验进行对比分析。结果表明,当采取相同地震动工况时,由动三轴试验产生的超孔压比相比模型试验超孔压比大;当持时增加到30周时(对应震级8级),土体液化深度达20m,有效证明了珊瑚礁砂场地遭遇强地震动时具有液化潜在风险。此外,通过液化判别计算,验证了基于CRR-D_r关系的液化判别方法准确率达82.5%,且判别不一致工况的判别结果偏保守,进一步验证了此方法可应用于工程抗液化设计。     

考虑场地动应力条件的饱和海洋粉细砂液化特性

确保地震荷载作用下海床场地的动力稳定性是海洋工程全寿命周期安全运行的重要保证,然而对复杂海域环境下饱和粉细砂的液化特性研究尚属少见。基于海域场地动应力计算方法,确定各试验工况的场地循环应力比CSR,并对试样施加与之对应的不排水循环荷载。试验结果表明：可液化的海洋粉细砂在考虑其场地动应力条件的循环荷载作用下出现不同的液化可能性;粉细砂呈循环破坏模式,将双幅轴向应变>5%作为循环破坏标准;海洋粉细砂的液化可能性与土体的埋深及动应力均不呈单一相关性,而是随着干密度的增大,液化振次逐渐增大,当干密度＞1.72 g/cm3时土体不再液化。该结果可为杭州湾区抗震区划及海洋工程结构抗震设计提供参考。     

贵州关岭县大寨崩滑碎屑流运动特征及成因机理探讨

本文在国内学者对大寨崩滑碎屑流成因机理和运动特征研究的基础上,通过大寨崩滑碎屑流的地质环境背景、堆积体分布特征分析,对其运动特征和成因机理进行了探讨。研究认为:地下水水头对崩滑体失稳破坏起着主要作用,变形破坏过程为岩体松弛—软化—动水压力—崩滑,碎屑流表现为能量转化和冲击液化,运动过程可划为"启动加速—惯性力作用减速—加速—减速停滞"四个阶段。