添加益生菌和PHBV对凡纳滨对虾养殖系统水质和对虾生长、非特异免疫指标的影响

本文研究了水体中添加聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯(PHBV)和异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)H1及H1与短小芽孢杆菌(B.pumilus)BP-171、盐单胞菌(Halomonas sp.)DN3的不同组合对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖系统水质和对虾生长、非特异免疫指标的影响。研究分别设置了PHBV添加组(D1)、芽孢杆菌H1添加组(D2)、芽孢杆菌H1+PHBV添加组(D3)、芽孢杆菌H1+盐单胞菌DN3+PHBV添加组(D4)芽孢杆菌H1+BP-171+盐单胞菌DN3+PHBV添加组(D5),以不添加PHBV和益生菌的实验组作为对照(DZ)。研究表明:同时添加益生菌和PHBV处理组的水体总氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮、总无机氮和总氮浓度均显著低于对照组(P0.05);单独添加PHBV可有效降低水体总氨氮、硝酸氮、总无机氮和总氮浓度,但对亚硝酸氮影响不大(P0.05);单独添加枯草芽孢杆菌H1对总氨氮、硝酸氮去除效果最佳,而同时添加PHBV和3株益生菌对亚硝酸氮去除效果最佳;各处理组总磷平均浓度未见差异,同时添加PHBV和益生菌可显著降低水体活性磷浓度(P0.05)。各处理组对虾的特定生长率、成活率、总重均显著高于对照组(P0.05),以同时添加益生菌和PHBV处理组效果最佳;添加益生菌和PHBV均可不同程度提高对虾的非特异免疫能力。研究结果表明,水体中添加适宜的益生菌和PHBV可有效改善水质,提高对虾的生长性能,并在一定程度上增强对虾的非特异免疫能力。添加益生菌处理优于单独添加PHBV,同时添加益生菌和PHBV有助于提高对虾的生长性能。     

海洋发光弧菌生长和发光条件的研究

海洋生物发光研究对渔业、环境监测等有着举足轻重的意义。根据从湛江东海岛海域沉积物样品中分离出的一株海洋发光弧菌(Vibrio sp.,编号为D2),对这株菌的生长和发光条件进行了初步研究。实验结果表明,海洋发光弧菌D2在pH7.0、温度35℃、NaCl浓度为2.0%时,生长状态最好;在pH5~6、温度20℃、NaCl浓度为3.0%、细菌密度OD600达0.08时,发光强度最高。     

舟山渔场及其邻近海域水团的季节特征

根据2001年夏季和2002年冬季两次现场调查所收集的CTD和营养盐资料,利用模糊聚类分析法,对舟山渔场及其邻近海域水团的季节特征进行了分析.结果表明,舟山渔场及其邻近海域水团的配置、分布范围、温盐特性和营养盐含量都有明显的季节特征.其中,冬季在全海域共有3个水团(江浙沿岸水、台湾暖流表层水和黄海混合水),而夏季则存在4个水团(江浙沿岸水、台湾暖流表层水、台湾暖流深层水和黄海混合水);冬季,江浙沿岸水的分布范围较小,温度偏低,盐度略高,营养盐偏高,而夏季,其分布范围较大,温度偏高,盐度偏低,营养盐偏低;冬季,台湾暖流表层水北伸最强,厚度最厚,温度最低,盐度最高,硅酸盐和硝酸盐偏高,而夏季,则北伸最弱,厚度最薄,温度最高,盐度最低,硅酸盐和硝酸盐偏低;台湾暖流深层水是一个季节性水团,它含有较丰富的营养盐;黄海混合水的分布范围和营养盐含量也都呈现出明显的季节特征.     

Preliminary study on different nutrient pools supplies for the phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay in China in the fall of 2004

The source and significance of two nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous, were investigated by a modified dilution method performed on seawater samples from the Jiaozhou Bay, in autumn 2004. This modified dilution method accounted for the phytoplankton growth rate, microzooplankton grazing mortality rate, the internal and external nutrient pools, as well as nutrient supplied through remineralization by microzooplankton. The results indicated that the phytoplankton net growth rate increased in turn from inside the bay, to outside the bay, to in the Xiaogang Harbor. The phytoplankton maximum growth rates and microzooplankton grazing mortality rates were 1.14 and 0.92 d-1 outside the bay, 0.42 and 0.32 d-1 inside the bay and 0.98 and 0.62 d-1 in the harbor respectively. Outside the bay, the remineralized nitrogen (Kr=24.49) had heavy influence on the growth of the phytoplankton. Inside the bay, the remineralized phosphorus(Kr=3.49) strongly affected the phytoplankton growth. In the harbor, the remineralized phosphorus (Kr=3.73) was in larger demand by phytoplankton growth. The results demonstrated that the different nutrients pools supplied for phytoplankton growth were greatly in accordance with the phytoplankton community structure, microzooplankton grazing mortality rates and environmental conditions. It is revealed that nutrient remineralization is much more important for the phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay than previously believed.     

Global sea level change and thermal contribution

The global long-term sea level trend is obtained from the analysis of tide gauge data and TOPEX/Poseidon data. The linear trend of global mean sea level is highly non-umiform spatially, with an average rate of 2.2 mm year-1 in T/P sea-level rise from October 1992 to September 2002. Sea level change duc to temperature vanation (the thermosteric sea level) is discussed. The results are compared with TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data in the same temporal span at different spatial scales. It is indicated that the ther-mal effect accounts for 86% and 73% of the observed seasonal variability in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. The TOPEX/Poseidon observed sea level lags behind the TSI, by 2 months in the zonal band of 40°-60° in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Systematic differences of about 1-2cm between TOPEX/Poseidon observations and thermosteric sea level data are obtained. The potential causes for these differences include water exchange among the atmosphere, land, and oceans, and some pos-sible deviations in thermosteric contribution estimates and geophysical corrections to the TOPEX/Poseidon data.     

Distribution of nutrients and eutrophication assessment in the Bohai Sea of China

Water samples were collected in 120 stations in the Bohai Sea of China to analyze the distribution of dissolved nutrients and assess the degree of eutrophication in August 2002. The result shows that the average concentration of DIN increased and the PO4-P concentration sharply decreased compared to the previous data of corresponding period. The high concentrations of DIN and PO4-P occurred in coastal waters, especially in the bays and some river estuaries, while the high concentrations of SiO3-Si in the surface and middle depth occurred in the central area of the Bohai Sea. The average ratio of DIN/ PO4-P was much higher than the Redfield Ratio (16:1). Apparently, PO4-P was one of the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growing in the sea. The average concentrations of DON and DOP were higher than their inorganic forms. The results of eutrophication assessment show that 22.1% of all stations were classified as violating the concentration levels of the National Seawater Quality Standard (GB 3097-1997) for DIN and only 3.9% for PO4-P. The average eutrophication index in the overall area was 0.21±0.22 and the high values occurred in Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay and near the Yellow River estuary. This means that the state of eutrophication was generally mesotrophic in the Bohai Sea, but relatively worse in the bays, especially some river estuaries.     

脂肪水平对厚唇弱棘鯻生长及肠道脂肪酶活性的影响

以鱼油为脂肪源,配制成脂肪水平(质量分数,下同)分别为3.1%、5.8%、9.4%、11.9%和15.1%的5种等氮饲料,探讨饲料脂肪水平对初始体重为(4.05±0.11)g的厚唇弱棘鯻(Hephaestus fuliginosus)生长及肠道脂肪酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着饲料脂肪含量提高,实验用鱼脏体比、肥满度及肌肉粗蛋白含量也随着提高,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料脂肪水平从3.1%增加到9.4%,厚唇弱棘鯻的饲料效率呈升高趋势,相对增重率值由76.42%±5.88%升至102.09%±5.31%;而当饲料脂肪水平从9.4%提高至15.1%,饲料效率呈降低趋势(P<0.05),相对增重率值降为70.54%±2.06%。随着饲料脂肪水平提高,厚唇弱棘鯻肝体比、肌肉粗脂肪含量、肠道脂肪酶活性均呈上升趋势,且各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。表明本实验条件下饲料脂肪含量超过9.4%可导致厚唇弱棘鯻生长和饲料利用下降,对其形体特征、肌肉粗脂肪含量以及肠道脂肪酶活性均有显著影响。     

穿体标志对黄鳍鲷幼鱼的生长、存活及脱标的影响

研究了不同幼鱼规格、标志部位和消毒处理对黄鳍鲷存活的影响,探讨了不同标志部位幼鱼的脱标情况。结果显示,不同规格、标志部位和消毒处理对黄鳍鲷幼鱼的存活无显著差异;但标志后进行1次消毒处理可使黄鳍鲷的存活稳定期提早一天出现。标志部位对黄鳍鲷幼鱼的存活有显著影响,以背鳍棘基部肌肉标志的存活率为最高,达87.0%;背鳍棘膜标志的存活率其次,为75.2%;而背鳍条基部肌肉标志的存活率最低,仅68.0%;死亡高峰均出现在标志后前3 d。幼鱼规格对脱标无影响,但标志部位对脱标影响显著。在肌肉做标志均未脱标,而在鳍棘膜做标志的全部脱标。表明黄鳍鲷幼鱼可在背鳍棘基部肌肉进行穿体标志,暂养4 d后进行放流。     

青藏高原典型植被生长季遥感模型提取分析

物候变化是衡量全球气候变化最直接、敏感的指示器,针对青藏高原这个独特地域单元上特殊的高寒植被进行关键物候期遥感提取模型及植被物候时空变化的研究具有重要的意义。本文首先以反距离加权空间插值算法与Savitzky-Golay滤波算法相结合的数据重建模型获得高质量2003-2012年青藏高原MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据。在此数据基础上,分别利用动态阈值法、最大变化斜率法、logistic曲线拟合法3种遥感植被生长季提取模型,对青藏高原地区两种典型植被的生长季(SOS生长季开始期,EOS生长季结束期,LOS生长季长度)进行提取。通过对3种模型提取结果的对比分析,并结合日均温模型对提取结果的验证发现,动态阈值法为青藏高原地区典型植被生长季的最优遥感提取模型。该模型对近10 a的高分辨率典型高寒植被物候参量的反演及时空变化特征分析表明,受青藏高原水热及海拔梯度的影响,青藏高原植被物候变化呈现出从东南向西北的空间分异规律,随春季温度的升高,近10 a来青藏高原高寒草地总体呈现生长季开始期(SOS)提前(0.248 d/a)的趋势。     

维生素C对胡子鲶生长、免疫与抗病作用的影响

在胡子鲶基础料中分别添加 0、5 0 0、10 0 0、15 0 0、2 0 0 0mg/kg的维生素C(VC) ,分别在饲喂不同实验料后的第 12、2 4、36和 5 2天 ,测定各组的生长指标、血清的溶血活力和杀菌活力 ;并在饲喂后的第 4 0天 ,用鲁氏不动杆菌进行攻毒实验 ,观察胡子鲶死亡情况。结果表明 ,添加VC对胡子鲶体重、特定生长率和体长增长率有提高作用 ,但无规律性 ;在添加后的第 12、2 4、36天对血清溶血活力有明显的提高作用 ;对血清杀菌活力没有增强作用。攻毒结果表明 ,VC能明显提高胡子鲶对鲁氏不动杆菌的抵抗力